3. KERATOPLASTY
• Replacement of diseased host corneal tissue by healthy donor
cornea
• Partial thickness or full thickness
4. INDICATIONS
• Optical keratoplasty- improve vision. They include keratoconus,
scarring, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and
corneal degeneration
• Tectonic graft -restore or preserve corneal integrity in eyes
• Therapeutic corneal transplantation – in eyes unresponsive to
antimicrobial therapy
• Cosmetic grafting- to improve the appearance of the eye
6. DONOR TISSUE
• Removed within 12-24 hours of death
• Age-match donors and recipients
• Stored in coordinating eye banks for pre-release evaluation
• Preserved in hypothermic storage(7-10 days) and organ
culture(4 wks)
7. CONTRAINDICATIONS TO TISSUE
DONATION
• Death from unknown causes
• Certain systemic infections
• Prior high risk behavior for HIV and hepatitis
• Sex with someone who has engaged in high risk behavior(last 12months)
• Infectious and possibly infectious disease of the CNS
• Receipt of a transplanted organ
• Receipt of human pituitary-derived GH
• Brain or spinal surgery before 1992
• Most hematological malignancies
• Ocular disease
8. RECIPIENT PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
• Severe stromal vascularization
• Abnormalities of the eyelids
• Conjunctival inflammation
• Tear film dysfunction
• Anterior synechiae
• Uncontrolled glaucoma
• Uveitis
9. PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY
• Key surgical points
Graft size 7.5mm
Donor button >0.25mm larger than host site
Preparation should precede excision of host tissue
Manual/automated trephination is used
Secured with interrupted or continuous suture techniques
20. SUPERFICIAL LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
• Partial-thickness excision of the corneal epithelium and stroma
• Endothelium and deep stroma are left behind
Indication
• Opacification of the superficial 1/3 corneal stroma
• Marginal corneal thinning or infiltration
• Localized thinning or descemetocoele
21. DEEP ANTERIOR LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
(DALK)
• Corneal tissue is removes almost to the level
of Descemet membrane
• Decreased risk of rejection-endothelium is
not transplanted
Indications
• Disease involving anterior 95% of cornel
thickness with absence of breaks/scars in
Descemet’s membrane
• Chronic inflammatory disease
22. DEEP ANTERIOR LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
Advantages
• No risk of endothelial
rejection
• Less astigmatism and
stronger globe
• Increased availability of graft
material
Disadvantages
• Difficult and time consuming
• Interface haze may limit best
final VA
23. DEEP ANTERIOR LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
• Post operative management
Similar to penetrating keratoplasty except lower intensity topical
steroids are needed and sutures are removed after 6 months
24. ENDOTHELIAL KERATOPLASTY
• Removal only of diseased endothelium along with Descemet
membrane through corneoscleral or corneal incision.
• Folded donor tissue introduced through the same small(2.8-
5.0mm) incision
• DSAEK- uses an automated microkeratome to prepare door
tissue .Small posterior stromal thickness transplanted along
with DM and endothelium
• DMEK-only the DM and endothelium transplanted
• Indications - endothelial disease
25. ENDOTHELIAL KERATOPLASTY
Advantages
• Little refractive change and
more intact globe
• Faster visual rehabilitation
• Suturing is minimized
Disadvantages
• Significant learning
curve
• Specialized equipment
required
• Endothelial rejection
26. LIMBAL STEM GRAFTING
Techniques include:
• Transplantation of a limbal area of limited
size
• Complete limbal transplantation
• Ex vivo expansion by culture with
subsequent transplantation
27. KERATOPROSTHESES
• Artificial corneal implants use in
patients unsuitable for
keratoplasty
• Odontokeratoprostheses-
patient’s own tooth root and
alveolar bone and covered with a
buccal mucous membrane graft
• Surgery is difficult and time
consuming, done in 2 stages 2-4
months apart
29. KERATOPROSTHESES
Indications
• Bilateral blindness- severe but
inactive anterior segment
disease
• VA of counting finger or less in
better eye
• Intact optic nerve and retinal
function
• High patient motivation
Complications
• Glaucoma
• Retroprosthesis membrane
formation
• Tilting or extrusion
• Endophthalmitis
30. KERATOPROSTHESES
Results
• Approx. 80% of patients achieve VA between counting fingers
and 6/12
• Poor outcome associated with pre-existing optic nerve or
retinal dysfunction
32. CORRECTION OF MYOPIA
• Surface ablation procedures- correct low-moderate degrees of
myopia
• Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)- moderate-high myopia
depending on corneal thickness
• Refractive lenticule extraction- correction of myopia and
myopic astigmatism
• Clear lens exchange- very good visual result but small risk of
complications of cataract surgery
34. CORRECTION OF MYOPIA
• Phakic posterior chamber implant( ICL)- inserted behind the iris
and in front of the lens, supported in the ciliary sulcus
Material derived from collagen with a power of -3D to -20.50D
Complications include uveitis, pupillary block, endothelial cell
loss, cataract formation and retinal detachment
• Radial keratotomy
35. CORRECTION OF MYOPIA
Anterior chamber iris claw implant
with anterior
iris attachment at 3 and 9 o’clock
inferior subluxation
with resultant inferior endothelial
decompensation –
note also an iridectomy to prevent pupillary
block
emplacement of a posterior chamber
phakic implant
between the iris and anterior lens
surface
36. CORRECTION OF HYPERMETROPIA
• Surface ablation procedures- low degrees
• LASIK – up to 4D
• Conductive keratoplasty (CK)- application of
radiofrequency energy to the corneal stroma
,thermally induced stromal shrinkage is
accompanied by increase in central corneal
curvature
• Laser thermal keratoplasty- holmium laser can
correct low hyperopia
• Clear lens extraction
• Phakic lens implants
37. CORRECTION OF ASTIGMATISM
• Limbal relaxing incisions/ arcuate keratotomy-making paired
arcuate incisions on opposite sides of cornea in the axis of the
correcting plus cylinder
• PRK and LASEK – up to 3D
• LASIK- up to 5D
• Lens surgery- toric intraocular implant
• Conductive keratoplasty
38. Arcuate
Keratotomies ; toric intraocular implant in site
markings incorporated in the lens (arrows)
facilitate correct
orientation
39. CORRECTION OF PRESBYOPIA
• Lens extraction- to treat cataract of
refractive purposes
Include :
• Clear lens exchange(CLE)
• Refractive lens exchange(RLE)
• Presbyopic lens exchange(PreLEx)
41. LASER REFRACTIVE PROCEDURES
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
• The excimer lase is used to reshape corneal stroma exposed by
the creation of a superficial flap
• Myopia corrected by central ablative flattening
• Hyperopia by ablation of the periphery so that the center
becomes steeper
• Generally used to treat higher refractive errors:
Hypermetropia- up to 4D
Astigmatism –up to 5D
Myopia –up to 12D
44. LASIK
Technique
• Suction ring centered on the cornea is applied to the globe-
raises IOP
• Ring stabilizes the eye and provides the guide track for a
mechanical microkeratome
• The flap is reflected and the bed reshaped then flap
repositioning
46. LASIK
Postoperative complications
• Tear instability
• Wrinkling, distortion or dislocation of the flap
• Subepithelial haze
• Persistent epithelial defects
• Epithelial ingrowth under the flap
• Diffuse lamellar keratitis
• Bacterial keratitis
• Corneal ectasia
47. SURFACE ABLATION PROCEDURES
• Photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) employs excimer laser ablation to reshape
the cornea
• Corrects myopia- up to 6D , astigmatism- around 3D and low-moderate
hyperopia
• Main disadvantage as compared to LASIK- lower degrees of refractive error
correctable and slower epithelial healing
• Lower risk of serious complications than in LASIK
• Suitable for patients renders ineligible for LASIK due to low corneal
thickness
• Other indications include epithelial basement membrane disease, prior
corneal transplantation or radial keratotomy and large pupil size
48. SURFACE ABLATION PROCEDURES
Technique
• Corneal epithelium is removed using a sponge, an automated
brush and alcohol
• Ablation of the Bowman’s layer and anterior stroma, taking 30-
20 sec
• Epithelium heals within 48- 72 hrs. bandage contact lens is
used to minimized discomfort
51. SURFACE ABLATION TECHNIQUES
Variations of PRK
• LASEK- Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis or Laser –assisted
subepithelial keratectomy
• Epi-LASIK-Epipolis or epithelial LASIK
• Modified PRK
• ASLA OR ASA- Advanced surface ablation
• Trans-PRK- transepithelial PRK
52. REFRACTIVE LENTICULE EXTRACTION
• ReLex is a relatively long technique that uses a femtosecond
laser to cut a lens-shaped piece of corneal tissue with the
intact cornea
• Then removed via a LASIK-style flap or using a minimally
invasive 4mm incision
• Advantages include:
Less marked biochemical and neurological corneal disturbance
than LASIK
Surface disturbance is minimal in comparison to surface
ablation procedures