Landscape design as the art and science of planning outdoor spaces

1. AK Tiwari
Principal Scientist
Division of Floriculture and Landscaping,
IARI New Delhi

2. Sustainable Landscape Design
Design Process
Elements of Landscape Design
Principles of Landscape Design
Overview of Landscape Design

3.  Historical Evolution
 Theoretical Frameworks
 Advanced Design Principles
 Research Methodologies
 Interdisciplinary Collaboration

4.  Ancient Gardens and Landscapes
 Classical Gardens and Renaissance Influences
 Emergence of Landscape Architecture
 Modernist Movements and Postmodernism
 Contemporary Trends

5.  Prehistoric and Ancient Gardens (3000 BCE - 500
CE)
i. Mesopotamian Gardens: Hanging
Gardens of Babylon
ii. Egyptian Gardens: Gardens of Rameses
III
iii.Persian Gardens: Pasargadae
iv.Chinese Gardens: Yuanming Yuan

6.  Classical Gardens (500 BCE - 500 CE)
i. Greek Gardens: Symmetry and
Proportion
ii. Roman Gardens: Villa Adriana
iii.Influence on Renaissance Garden
Design

7.  Renaissance and Formal Gardens (1400 -
1600)
i. Mughal Garden, Persian Garden
ii. Italian Renaissance Gardens: Villa
d'Este
iii.French Formal Gardens: Gardens of
Versailles
iv.English Renaissance Gardens:
Hampton Court Palace

8.  English Landscape Movement (1700 - 1800)
i. Lancelot "Capability" Brown: Stowe
Landscape Gardens
ii. Transition from Formal to Informal
Design
iii.Integration of Naturalistic Elements

9.  Birth of Landscape Architecture (1800 -
1900)
i. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert
Vaux: Central Park
ii. Emphasis on Public Spaces and
Urban Planning
iii.Influence on Landscape
Architecture as a Profession

10.  Modernist Movements (1900 - 1950)
i. City Beautiful Movement: Emphasis
on Civic Beauty
ii. Bauhaus and Modernist Principles in
Gardens
iii.Post-WWII: Modernism in Garden
Design

11. Postmodernism and Pluralism (1950 -
2000)
i. Reaction against Modernism
ii. Incorporation of Symbolism and
Eclecticism
iii.Diverse Approaches to Garden
Design

12.  19th Century Garden Styles (1800 - 1900)
i. Victorian Gardens: Plant Collecting
and Exoticism
ii. Arts and Crafts Movement:
Emphasis on Craftsmanship
iii.Japanese Gardens: Influence on
Western Design

13. Contemporary Trends (2000 -
Present)
i. Sustainable Garden Design: Focus
on Environmental Impact
ii. Cross-Cultural Influences:
Globalization of Design Ideas
iii.Technological Advancements in
Garden Planning

14.  Ecological Design Principles
 Cultural Landscape Theory
 Semiotics in Landscape Design
 Poststructuralist and Critical Theories

15.  Digital Landscape Modeling
 Parametric Design in Landscapes
 Human Behavior and Landscape Design

16.  Landscape design as the art and
science of planning outdoor spaces
 Creating harmonious, functional, and
aesthetically pleasing environments

17.  Residential gardens, public parks,
commercial landscapes, etc.
 Integration of plants, hardscapes,
water features, and structures

18. 1. Unity
2. Balance
3. Scale and Proportion
4. Simplicity
5. Variety
6. Rhythm(Sequence)
7. Focalization(Emphasis)

19. 1. Unity: Tying the landscape together.
 Curves can be a unifying theme.
 Similar backgrounds for all of the foregrounds.
 Same color/different plant.
 Strong elements to unify the landscape: COLOR, CURVES,
LINES, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, TEXTURES.

20.  Repetition: Selected plant material should be repeated
throughout the landscape.
 Interconnection: When interconnection is utilized the eye
can move smoothly from one element to another.
 Unity of three: Whenever three elements of the same kind
are grouped together you get a strong sense of unity.

21. Repetition
Interconnection
Unity of three

22.  A state of equilibrium, equality in weight, value or
importance.
 Two types of balance…
i. Symmetrical – formal, static… Achieved using the same thing
on each side of a central axis. Symmetry can be boring.
ii. Asymmetrical – casual, movement… Achieved by using similar
ideas but different things on either side.

23. State of equilibrium, equality
in weight
Asymmetrical balance

25.  Mass Collection – within the framework of either
symmetry or asymmetry, mass collection is one
other method for establishing order in a design
composition.

26.  Mass Collection creates order

27.  Mass Collection creates order

28.  the way things relate to each other with respect to size
(big-medium-little).
 In residential design we want elements that are in
proportion to each other.
 Much difference in size creates dissonance…unable to
reconcile one element with another.
 If you have huge elements and small elements you will
need something in the intermediate range to bring them
together.

31.  limiting change or variation.
 Limit the number of themes.
 The viewer needs to experience the landscape a little at
a time.
 Common error is trying to do too much. Too many
different elements.

33.  A landscape without variety is monotonous.
 However, A lot of different things is not variety.
 Rather it is more like one thing that stands out
among other things.
 Group things to make a unit.
 Add something of interest - a focal point.

35.  An orderly progression.
 From low spreading plants to vertical plants.
 From here to there.
 Near to far.
 Turf-shrubs-trees.
 Sequence helps the eye move smoothly from
one area to another.

37.  Drawing attention to important features of
landscape
 Unity in landscape design
 Can draw attention to front door of residence
by using plants that offer variety in color,
texture or form near the door

39.  Plants: Selection(form), Size, Color, Texture
 Hardscapes: Pathways, Walls, Patios
 Water Features: Ponds, Fountains
 Structures: Gazebos, Pergolas

40. Plant Selection(form)
 Artistic composition derived from physical properties of
plants
 Plants can be viewed as mainly horizontal or vertical
 Horizontal shapes are less dramatic than vertical shapes
 Tree forms depend on branching patterns
 Shrub forms result from growth habits (e.g. upright or
creeping)

42. Plant Texture
 Physical properties of plants important in landscape
design
 Stems, leaves, bark, and buds determine texture of
plant
 Large or widely separated plant features create
effect of coarseness
 Thick, tight foliage results in finer texture
 Simple leaves appear coarser than compound leaves
 Distance of view affects texture; farther you stand
from plant, the finer its texture appears

43. Plant Texture

44. Plant Colour
 Physical properties of plants important in
landscape design
 Warm colors: yellows to reds
 Bright, inviting and lively
 Cool colors: greens to violets
 Restful, receding, not as conspicuous
 Foliage most often considered in landscape design,
but flowers, bark and fruit also important

45. Plant Colour

46.  Landscape design involves functional use of
plants combined with artistic composition
 Visual or acoustic screens
 Framing off-landscape views
 Microclimate control (e.g. shading, protection
from wind)
 Creating enclosures (absolute or implied)
 Functional uses should be considered first;
landscape viewed as different units with
different functions

47.  Site Analysis: Environmental factors, Existing features
 Conceptual Design: Preliminary design based on
client needs
 Design Development: Refinement and detailed plans
 Implementation: Construction and installation
 Maintenance: Ongoing care and adaptation

48.  Native Plants, Water Conservation, Ecosystem
Considerations
 Environmental Impact and Green Practices
 Regenerative Design
 Urban Greening and Biodiversity
 Environmental Impact and Green Practices

49.  Collaboration with Architects,
Ecologists, Sociologists
 Strategies for Effective Teamwork