Which deals with BASIC AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROJECTION OF HAND, it is very helpful for the imaging students and technicians to understand the projections of hand.
2. ANATOMY
There are 3 major types of bones in the hand itself, including:
PHALANGES
The 14 bones that are found in the fingers of each hand and also in the toes of each foot.
Each finger has 3 phalanges (the distal, middle, and proximal); the thumb only has 2.
METACARPAL BONES
The 5 bones that compose the middle part of the hand.
CARPAL BONES
The 8 bones that create the wrist. The 2 rows of carpal bones are connected to 2 bones of the
arm--the ulna bone and the radius bone.
They include Scaphoid , Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform , Trapezium , Trapezoid , Capitate ,
Hamate
3. JOINTS :
Radiocarpal Joint
Its between radius and carpus.
Carpometacarpal Joint
It connect the carpal bone to the metacarpus.
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Its between metacarpal bones and phalanges.
4.
5. INDICATIONS
Trauma with suspected fracture
Suspected metacarpal dislocation
Foreign body detection and localisation
Investigation of joint pain and deformity
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthrosis
7. The Hand PA view is apart of a two view series metacarpals, phalanges, carpal bones
and distal radial ulnar joint.
Patient is seated alongside the table
The forearm is pronated and placed on the table with palmer surface of the hand in contact
with the image receptor
The fingers are separated and extended but relaxed to ensure that they remain in contact with
the image receptor.
The wrist is adjusted so that the radial and ulna styloid processes are equidistant from the
image receptor.
8. The image should demonstrate all the phalanges, including the soft tissue of the
finger tips, the carpal and metacarpal bones and distal end of the radius and ulna.
The interphalangeal and metacarpo-phalangeal and carpometacarpal joints should be
demonstrated clearly.
No rotation of hand
9.
10. A) POSTERO-ANTERIOR PROJECTION
1) CENTRING POINT
THIRD METACARPAL HEAD
2) COLLIMATION
LATERALLY TO THE SKIN MARGINS
PROXIMAL TO INCLUDE DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT
DISTAL TO THE TIPS OF THE DISTAL PHALANGES
3) ORIENTATION
PORTRAIT
4) DETECTOR SIZE
18cm x 24cm
TECHNICAL FACTORS
5) EXPOSURE
50-60kVp
1-5mAS
6) SID
100 cm
7) GRID
NO
11. POSITION OF PATIENT
Patient is seated alongside the table
From the basic postero-anterior position ,the hand is externally rotated 45 with the fingers
extended.
The fingers should be separated slightly and the hand supported on a 45 non –opaque
pad.
A sand bag is placed over the lower end of the forearm for immobilisation.
ESSENTIAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
The image should demonstrate all the phalanges, including the soft tissue of the fingertips,
the carpal and metacarpal bones and the distal end of the radius and ulna.
The correct degree of rotation has been achieved when the heads of the 1st and the 2nd
metacarpals are seen separated whilst those of the 4th and 5th are just superimposed
12.
13. A. POSTERO-ANTERIOR PROJECTION
1) CENTRING POINT
2) COLLIMATION
a) ORIENTATION
b) DETECTOR SIZE
Third metacarpal head
Laterally to the skin margins
Proximal to include distal radioulnar joint
Distal to the tips of the distal phalanges
Portrait
18cm X 24cm
Technical Factors
f) EXPOSURE
50-60 KVp
1-5 mAs
e) SID
100 CM
f) GRID
NO
14. LATERAL
POSITION OF PATIENT
From the postero-anterior(DP) , the hand is externally rotated 90
The palm of the hand is perpendicular to the image receptor with the fingers
extended and thumb abducted and supported parallel to the image receptor on a non
opaque pad.
The radial and ulnar styloid processes are superimposed
DIRECTION AND LOCATION OF THE X-RAY BEAM
The collimated vertical beam is centred over the head of the 2nd metacarpal.
15. ESSENTIAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
The image should include the finger tips, including soft tissue , and radial and
ulnar styloid processes.
The heads of the metacarpal should be super imposed . The thumb should be
demonstrated clearly without superimposition of other structures.
16.
17. TECHNICAL FACTORS
A) LATERAL PROJECTION
1) CENTRING POINT
Over the head of the second metacarpal
2) COLLIMATION
Anteroposterior to the skin margins
Distal to the tips of the fingers
Proximal to include one-third of the distal radius
and ulna
3) ORIENTATION
Portrait
4) DETECTOR SIZE
18cmx24cm
5) EXPOSURE
50-60 KVp
1-5 mAs
6) SID
100 CM
7) GRID
NO
18. BALL CATCHER VIEW (NORGAARD PROJECTION)
POSITION OF PATIENT
Patient may be seated alongside or facing the table
Both hands are supinated with their dorsal surfaces are placed on the cassette/FPDs
The hands are then rotated medially by 45 degree to assume a position likened to one
about to receive or catch a ball.
ESSENTIAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
The image should demonstrate all the phalanges, including the soft tissue of the
finger tips, the carpal and metacarpal bones and distal end of the radius and ulna.
The exposure factors selected must produce an accurate EI and optically
demonstrate joint details.
The heads of the metacarpals should not be superimposed
19.
20. 3) COLLIMATION
Laterally to the skin margins
Distal to the skin margins of the finger
Proximal to the include one-third of the distal radius and ulna
4) ORIENTATION
Landscape
TECHNICAL FACTORS
7) SID
100CM
8) GRID
NO