classification and introduction difference in between them examples chloroxylenolin dettol detolin analysis pharmaceutical analysis pharmacology

2. Sterilants :chemicals which causes sterilization i.e. killing or
removing all micro-organisms including vegetative bacteria, spores
fungi and viruses.
Disinfectants/germicides: is a chemical which causes disinfection.it
may be bactericidal or bacteriostatic. They are generally used to
disinfect inanimate objects. They are classified into:
 Bactericides
 Viricides
 And fungicides
Antiseptics: these are the chemical disinfectant(usually bacteriostatic
in the concentration used)that can be diluted sufficiently to be safe
for the application to living tissues.

3. › Acid :
 Inorganic Acids :Boric Acids;
 Organic Acids: Benzoic Acids Salicylic Acids
› Alkalis : Sodium And Potassium Hydroxide
› Alcohols: Ethanol
› Aldehydes
› Surfactants
› Phenols And Related Compounds
› Halogens And Halogen Containing
Compounds
› Oxidizing Agents : Hydrogen Peroxides
And Other Peroxides
› Dyes
› Heavy Metals
› Gases
Heat
Filtration
And Radiation
Physical agents Chemical agents

4. › Chlorinated phenolic compound,
› Micro biocide,
› Antiseptic,
› Antibacterial.
› Disinfectant
› Chloroxylenol is used in the prevention of:Skin Diseases,
Infectious

5. › Animal studies -dermal application chloroxylenol is rapidly
absorbed (1-2 hours),
› extensively metabolized and excreted via the kidney with
almost complete elimination within 24 hours.
› In man-only minimal percutaneous absorption (around
5%) following 24 hour occlusion to the skin.
› Subsequent metabolism occurs slowly (T½ = 10 hours),
followed by rapid urinary excretion, principally as the
glucuronide

6. Disposition in the Body.
› About 14% of ingested chloroxylenol is excreted in the urine as a
glucuronide conjugate and 17% as the sulfate, together with traces
of unchanged chloroxylenol;
› the amount of unchanged chloroxylenol excreted is increased if the
urine is alkaline.
Toxicity
› In a fatality caused by the ingestion of at least 100 mL of a solution
containing 4.8% of chloroxylenol, postmortem chloroxylenol
concentrations were as follows: blood 23 mg/L, liver 8 μg/g.
› A subject who had ingested about 17 g of chloroxylenol in solution
was admitted to hospital 30 min afterwards and recovered after
intensive treatment.

7. › More active against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria.
› They are active in alkaline pH; however, contact with organic matter
diminishes their activity.
› Streptococci are more susceptible than staphylococci.
› Strong solutions of these compounds can cause irritation and have
a disagreeable odor.
› A 5% chloroxylenol (e.g., PCMX) solution (in α-terpineol, soap,
alcohol, and water) is diluted with water (1:4) for skin sterilization
and (1:25 to 1:50) for wound cleansing and irrigation of the uterus
and vagina.

8. › Chloroxylenol is a substituted phenol.
› It exerts its pharmacological action by the denaturation of
proteins and inactivation of enzymes in the
microorganisms.
› It also alters the permeability of the cell membrane that
result in the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation,
inhibition of active transport, and cytoplasmic membrane
damage. These all produces antiseptic actions.

9. › LD50- Rat oral 3830 mg/kg, Rat dermal >2.0 g/kg
› Side Effects of Chloroxylenol
1.Irritation of the conjunctivae and other sensitive tissues.
› Contra-indications of Chloroxylenol
Hypersensitivity to Chloroxylenol
Avoid use on sensitive tissues

10. › Hospitals and households for disinfection and sanitation.
› Antibacterial soaps
› Wound-cleansing applications
› Household antiseptics such as Dettol liquid (to which it
contributes its distinctive odor)
› Cream and ointments

11. › Typical Dosage for Chloroxylenol
› Adult:
 Chloroxylenol 4.8 % w/v solution as surgical antisepsis.
 Chloroxylenol 0.8 %w/v is used as skin cream and soap.
 Chloroxylenol 1.4 %w/v lubricating obstetric cream for
vaginal examinations.
 Chloroxylenol 1%w/v for mouth washes

12. Synonyms- Parachlorometaxylenol; PCMX.
Proprietary names- Dettol; Metasep.
IUPAC- 4-Chloro–3,5–dimethylphenol
Formula- C8H9ClO
Mol.w.-156.6
Physical properties:
White or cream–colored crystals or crystalline powder. Volatile in
steam.
M.P.= 114°c to 116°c.
B.P=246℃
Soluble water, ethanol benzene and in ether.

13. › Ultraviolet Spectrum
› Aqueous acid—279 nm ,aqueous alkali—242 nm 296 nm.
.

14. Infra–red Spectrum.
Principal peaks at wavenumbers 1158, 1317, 1590, 1020,
858, 848 cm−1

15. › System GA- Packed column: 3% SE-30 or OV-1 on 80 to 100 mesh
Chromosorb G HP (acid washed and dimethyldichlorosilane
treated), 2 m × 2 mm i.d. glass column; it is essential that the
support be fully deactivated.
› Column temperature: normally between 100° and 300°;.
› Carrier gas: nitrogen at 45 mL/min.
› Capillary column: 10 to 15 m × 0.32 or 0.53 mm i.e., 100%-dimethyl-
PSX (X-1) with a 1.5 to 3 μm film thickness.
› Carrier gas: helium.
› Temperature programme: 4 min at 135°, 13°/min to 200°, 6°/min to
250°, 6 min final hold
› Detector –Mass spectroscopy

16. Peaks at- 156,121,141,92,77,65,51