Pesticide residues in feed and food is reason for global threat, so need of alternative source for sustainability

1. Why we should be worried….??!!
Pesticide Residues
Dipak Dey (Ph.D. Scholar)
Email : dipakchandan63@gmail.com
Bharti Sharma (Ph.D. Scholar)
Animal Nutrition Division
ICAR-NDRI, Karnal
Haryana, 132001

2. Radiation
source Radionuclides
Environment
(water, air and soil)
Automobiles, (heavy
metals) domestic
sewage (pesticides),
industrial effluents
(heavy metals and
pesticides)
Vacuum oil,
lubricating oil,
paints, plastics,
rubber, electrical
equipments
(PCBs)
Pulp and paper industry, Automobile
emissions, Metal refining (dioxins)
Animal feed
Pesticides, heavy metals,
aflatoxins, dioxins, PCBs,
Radionuclides
Health care
(Antibiotics)
Animal
Milk,
Meat
Sources of chemical contaminants in animal product

3. Pesticide
Pesticide means any substance intended for
preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling
or controlling any pest including unwanted
species of plants or animals during the
production, storage, transport, distribution
and processing of food, agricultural
commodities, or animal feeds or which may
be administered to animals for the control of
ectoparasites

4. Influencing factors for pesticide use and the level at
which they have an effect (national or farm level)
(PPP = Plant Protection Product, MRL = Maximum Residue Limit.) Delcour et al., 2015

5. Environmental factors that influence pesticide fate
after application
Delcour et al., 2015

6. Major chemical groups of pesticides
Chemical group Some member molecules
Organochlorines DDT, HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin,
heptachlor, toxaphene, chlorobenzilate
Organophosphoru
s insecticides
Acephate, chlorpyriphos, dichlorvos,
dimethoate, malathion, parathion,
monochrotophos, triazophos, quinalphos
Carbamates Carbaryl, carbofuran, aldicarb, propoxur
Synthetic
pyrethroids
Allethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin,
fenvalerate, fluvalinate
Neonicotinoids Imididacloprid, acetamiprid,
thiamethoxam
Phenyl-pyrazoles Fipronil

7. Pesticides – chemical nomenclature

8. Classification of Pesticides by Target
Term Target Term Target
1. Algaecide Algae 9. Avicide Birds
2. Bactericide Bacteria 10. Defoliant Crop Foliage
3. Desiccant Crop Plants 11. Fungicide Fungi
4. Herbicide Plants (weeds) 12. Insecticide Insects
5. Miticide Mites 13. Molluscicide Molluscs
6. Nematicide Nematodes 14. Plant Growth
Reg.
Crop Plants
7. Rodenticide Rodents 15. Piscicide Fish
8. Lampricide Lamprey 16. Wood
Preservative
Wood Destroying
Pests

9. Classification of Pesticides by Mode of action
Chemical class Mode of action Target Site Route
of entry
Pyrethrins Sodium channel modulation Axon of nerve Contact
Oxadiazines Sodium channel blockage Axon of nerve Oral
Semicarbazones Sodium channel blockage Axon of nerve Contact
& oral
Ops/Carbamates Acetylcholinesterase inhibition Nerve synapse Contact
Neonicotinoids Acetylcholine receptor
stimulation
Nerve post-synapse Contact
& oral
Spynosyns Acetylcholine receptor
stimulation
Nerve post-synapse Oral
Phenylpyrazoles GABA receptor blockage Nerve post-synapse Contact
& oral
Avermectins Glutamate receptor stimulation Nerve post-synapse Oral

10. World’s Pesticide Consumption (kg/ha)
12
3
2.5
0.75 0.6
Japan
Europe
USA
Mexico
India
Agriculture Today, Nov. 2005

11. MAJOR PESTICIDES CONSUMING STATES/UTs
State/UT Quantity(T) (g/ha)
Uttar Pradesh 7400 288
Punjab 7100 923
Andhra Pradesh 7000 548
Haryana 5030 848
Gujarat 5000 447
West Bengal 4626 531
Dt PPQS,2000

12. Cont….
State/UT Quantity(T) g/ha
Maharastra 3942 184
Kerala 1168 383
Delhi 64 942
Pondicherry 78 1696
Chandigarh 3 750
.
Dt PPQS,2000

13. Organochlorines
(OCP)
Disrupt the
sodium/potassium/chlori
de channel systems that
maintains the electrical
charge of nerve cell
membranes
When this is disrupted,
nerves can not properly
transmit the electrical
impulse
Mode of Action of Pesticides

14. Organophosphorus
Mode of action
 Inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) enzyme in the
nervous system by phosphorylation of AchE
 AchE prevents overstimulation of the nervous system
 Accumulated ACh alters the function of the autonomic
nervous system, somatic motor neurons, and the brain
 Without AchE, stimulated nerve cannot return to its
resting state
 Result is overstimulation of the nerve cell

17. Carbamates
 Mode of action
 Reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase enzyme in nervous system
 Poisoning tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of
nerve tissue AChE is reversible.
 Body will break down and expel the carbamates

18. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
Mode of action
 Disrupt the sodium/potassium/chloride channel systems
that maintains the electrical charge of nerve cell
membranes.
 When this is disrupted, nerves can not properly transmit
the electrical impulse.

20. Neonicotinoids
Mode of Action
 Target the nervous system
 Binds to the acetylcholine (Ach) receptor on the post-synaptic nerve cell
 Under normal conditions, Ach binds to this receptor for only
milliseconds (1/1,000 of a second) at a time, resulting in short and
controlled nerve stimulation
 Neonicotinoids bind to the Ach receptor for very long periods,
approximately minutes or more
 Results in nerve hyper-stimulation thereby blocking neural transmission
 Binds irreversibly.

21. Neonicotinoid: Acetylcholine Agonist
ACH
Nerve axon
Nerve Synapse
NEO
NEO
ACH

22. Phenyl-pyrazoles
Mode of Action
 Acts on nervous system
 Binds and block the GABA receptor on the post-synapse nerve cell
 Blockage prevents GABA from binding to the receptor site
 Influx of chloride ions into the post-synapse nerve cell is stopped
 Chloride ions limit and balance the electrical activity within nerve
cells, blocking chloride influx leads to rapid, uncontrolled nerve firing
throughout the nervous system.

23. Cl- K+
Cl-
Cl-Cl-
Nerve Axon
Na+
Cl-
GABA – gated Chloride Channel

24. Fipr
K+
Cl-
Cl-Cl-
Fipronil Mode of Action
Na+
Cl-
Antagonist at GABA – gated Chloride Channel

25. PYRAZOLES Mode of action
 Inhibit mitochondrial
electron transport at the
NADH-coQ reductase site
 Disruption of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
formation, the crucial
energy molecule.

26. Carry over & Metabolism
 Lipophillic qualities of OC pesticides & their
metabolites lead to storage in the fat cells from
where they are slowly metabolised.
 Most of the OC pesticides & metabolites are readily
excreted in the milk.
 Water soluble metabolites are excreted via urine
& faeces.
Organochlorines :

27. Activative
Parathion  Paraxon (1000 fold)
P=S to P=O
S  SO  SO2
Degradative
Hydrolysis
Elimination from body
(IDF 9101,1990)
Balance of activation / detoxification
Differences in metabolic pathways
(Cremyln,1971)
Contd..
Organophosphate :

28. Organocarbamate :
 Compounds are broken down by ester hydrolysis
 Splitting the ester into acid & alcohol
componenets
Contd..

29. Pesticide residue
• Pesticide residue means any specified substance in food,
agricultural commodities, or animal feed resulting from the use of a
pesticide. The term includes any derivatives of a pesticide, such as
conversion products, metabolites, reaction products, and impurities
considered to be of toxicological significance
Hernández et al.,2013

30. %
Contaminated
% Above MRL
World 21 2
India( AICRP on PR ) 60 14
Pesticidal Contamination of food commodities
( Agnihotri, 1999)

31. Residues in Meat
• 1979 study sponsored by the FAO & WHO measured
levels of chlorpyrifos- methyl and its predominant
metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, in various
animal tissues.
– Found that the parent pesticide (chlorpyrifos-methyl)
concentrates primarily in the fat and to a lesser extent in
the kidney. The metabolite (pyridinol) concentrates
primarily in the liver and kidney.
– With chickens, the pesticide was more concentrated in the
egg than other tissues.

32. Residue level and per cent occurrence of organochlorine
pesticides in commercial and desi chicken egg
Vanitha et al., 2015

33. Pesticide residue levels in milk and
milk products in India
PRODUCT DDT
(ppm fat basis)
BHC
(ppm fat basis)
MILK ND-216 ND-61
HUMAN MILK 1.4-102.2 1.25-27.52
BUTTER 1.6-11.36 0.55-1.51
GHEE 0.25-7.24 0.30-23.80
INFANT FORMULA ND-4.30 ND-5.70
SMP 0.80-1.24 0.43-0.78
(Singh and Dhaliwal, 2000; Sharma et al., 2002; 2005)

34. Mean concentrations (µg/kg) of pesticide residues in
bovine raw milk samples collected throughout Punjab
Bedi et al., 2015

35. OCP residue in dairy whole milk during different seasons
(mg/l)
John et al., 2000

36. Pesticide Av. Daily intake FAO/WHO
ADI
Vegetarian Non – Vegetarian
BHC 1448.22 1501.44 687.5
Aldrin 32.52 95.93 6.0
Dieldrin 36.86 367.02 6.0
Average Daily intake ug / person/ Day of main
OCPR through human diets
Magnitude of contamination in
non-veg diet > Veg diet ( Shukla et al., 2002 )

37. Name of Pesticide CAC,2010* PFA,2009**
Acephate 0.02 -
Aldrin,Dieldrin 0.006 0.15 F
Carbaryl 0.05 -
Chlorpyrifos 0.01 0.01 F
D.D.T 0.02 1.25 F
Diazinon 0.02 -
Dichlorvos 0.02 -
Endosulfan 0.01 -
Ethion - 0.5 F
Fenitrothion 0.002 0.05 F
HCH, α, β, γ(Lindane), δ 0.01 (Lindane) 0.05, 0.02, 0.01/0.2F, 0.02
Heptachlor 0.006 0.15 F
Monocrotophos - 0.02
Phorate 0.01 0.05 F
MRL (ppm) of pesticide residues in milk by Codex
Alimentarius Commission (CAC), 2010 and PFA, 2009
•*MRL are expressed in ppm i.e mg/Kg on whole milk basis
•** Unless otherwise stated, MRL are expressed in ppm i.e mg/Kg on whole
milk/ product basis; F- fat basis.

38. Harmful effects of pesticide
residue in animals

39. Acquired immunodeficiency
Immunosuppressive effect
Increased incidence of eye cancer (squamous cell carcinoma of eye) in
cattle and buffaloes and canine venereal tumors In canine
Autoimmunity
Organochlorine group bind with certain proteins and initiate
autoimmune reactions in body like glomerulonephritis, hemolytic
anemia, rheumatoid arthritis
Teratogenecity
pesticides cause teratogenic defects in animals e.g. carbaryl,
parathion, 2,4-D, lindane, diazinon.
In mice, cypermethrin and malathion are found to exert birth defects in
baby mice.

40. Carcinogenic effects
Kaur et al., 2015

41. Mutagenicity
 Pesticides may cause alterations in structure or number of
chromosomes resulting in translocations, mutations and
chromosomal breakage.
 Several pesticides like DDT, Endrin, PCB are known to cause
chromosomal aberrations.
Hepatotoxicity
 Pesticide residues in food may harm liver tissue as they are
metabolized here
 Instances of chronic liver disorders leading to cirrhosis
 Certain pesticides metabolites cause severe damage to hepatic
parenchyma

42. A schematic model for mechanisms by which organochlorine
pesticides induce and develop neurological disorders
ROS: reactive oxygen species,
OXT: Oxytocin,
AVP: Arginine vasopressin,
P-gp: P-glycoprotein,
TR: Thyroid receptor,
PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptor,
RXR: Retinoid X receptor,
RAR: Retinoic acid receptor,
ER: Estrogen receptor,
AR: Androgen receptor,
RE: response element,
ADHD: Attention
deficit/hyperactive disorder.
Gray arrows: induction,
Red arrows: inhibition

43. Reproductive Disorders
Pesticides are lethal to
dividing cells of genitalia
They may cause
abnormalities in sperms or
defects in ova which may not
be able to implant on the
uterine surface.
Ultimately lead to sterility,
early abortion, still births or
repeat breeding.
DDT has been found to cause
weak egg shell in birds leading
to decreased population
Kaur et al., 2015

44. .
Mehrpour et al., 2014

45.  Pesticides which have been banned for their use in agriculture,
their manufacture should also be banned
 Monocrotophos, malathion, methyl parathion have been
banned in other countries hence there is need to ban these
pesticides in India also
 Biopesticides and biofertilizers, when used as a component of
integrated pest and nutrient management programme can bring
down the use of synthetic pesticides while keeping the yields
high.
 Need to develop health education packages of practices to
educate the people in order to minimize the exposure of
pesticides to human beings.
 By organic dairy farming reviving organic farming
and rearing of animals organically
Control Measures

46. BANNED PESTICIDES
• 1970 – Endrin
• 1976 – DDT
• 1980 – Chlordimeform
• 1980 – Dieldrin
• 1980 – Phosphamidon
• 1980 – Thallium sulpht.
• 1984 – 2,4,5-T
• 1984 – Ethyl parathion
• 1984 – Methyl
parathion
• 1986 - Aldrin
• 1986 – Lindane
• 1987 – HCH (mixed Isomers)
• 1987 – Mercury cpds.
• 1988 – Arsenic (arsenites and
arsenates)
• 1988 – Hepatachlor
• 1989 – Leptophos
Captafol
• 1990 –Dichloropropane
• 1990 – Aldicarb
• 1990 – Quintozene (PCNB)
• 1994 – Pentachlorophenol
• 1995 – Methamidophos
• 1995 – Monocrotophos
(restricted to coconut)
• 1996 – Chlordane
• 1998 - Endosulfan

47. Examples of some common organic pesticides include the
following:
Cayenne pepper spray – Can be sprayed on the leaves of plants to
deter harmful insect
Soap Spray – Sprayed on plants to get rid of aphids
Tobacco powder –It is use to kill sucking insects on plants such as
aphids, thrips and spider mites
Pyrethrin –This organic pesticide is used to knock out and flying insects
and ground pests such as grubs
Neem –Used to control Gypsy moths, leaf miners, mealy bugs, whiteflies
and caterpillars
Sabadilla – Derived from the sabadilla lily. Used to control caterpillars, leaf
hoppers, stink bugs and squash bugs

48. THANK YOU