International relations is the study of relations between states. It emerged as a field in the 18th century to study diplomatic relations and international law. Today, its scope has expanded to include economic, social, political, and cultural relations between states. There are three views on international relations - some see it as an organized academic discipline, some view it as a separate discipline from political science, and others see it as both a discipline and related to political science. The core principles of international relations that guide relations between states are dominance, reciprocity, and identity.

2. Subject:
International Relations

3. IR Meaning
Used by Germy Bentham and word is combination
of Inter, National, and Relations. Collectively Relations
among States is called IR

4. Treaty of Westphalia
Singed Between
Protestants and Catholics
Principles of Westphalia
Osnabruck and Munster

5. Nature of International Relations
There are two views
One Narrow(Exclude Econ,
Social and Cultural
Relations)
Second Rejects Narrow
(Include Econ, Social and
Cultural Relations)

6. International Relations as Discipline
There are three Groups
One Reject as organized discipline
because of history and political
science
Second group regard it as discipline
Third group regard it is being
discipline

7. Relations/Politics
Relations
some time considered as
identical, it covers eco,
social, political and
religious relationship
among states
Politics
Considered as separate
discipline because it deals
with only political
relations with the states

8. Core Principles of IR
 Dominances (The principle of dominance solves the collective goods
problem by establishing a power hierarchy in which those at the top control
those below-a bit like a government but without an actual government.)
 Reciprocity (The principle of reciprocity solves the collective goods
problem by rewarding behavior that contributes to the group and punishing
behavior that pursues self-interest at the expense of the group. )
 Identity (The identity principle does not rely on self-interest. On the
contrary, members of an identity community care about the interests of
others in the community enough to sacrifice their own interests to benefit
others.)

9. Initially it was study of diplomatic
relations, and law. Its scope has
increase with the advancement of
science and technology and
communication.
The Study of Organization after first
and second world wars.
The study of Cause and Affects
Strategic Studies such as nuclearization,
militarization and so on. Economic Ties
Limitation of IR
Scope of International Relations

10. Benefits of IR
 Promotion of Culture, history to international society
 Foreign Policy/ Relations development
 National Interest
 Resolve Crisis and conflicts among states
 Climate Change
 Human Rights
 Peaceful Co-Existence
 Understanding of Political System

11. Factors affects IR
 Geographical position
 Ideology
 Population Young ( Children and Old)
 Natural Resources
 Economic Conditions
 Science and Technology
 Leadership

12. Sources of Conflicts and IR
Conflicts also occur among state due to some factors, these factors contributes in
spoiling International Relation
 Ideological Differences
 Interference in Sovereignty
 Territorial Claims
 Colonizations
 Freedom Movements supported by other states. Khalistan and BLO

13. Conflict Resolution in IR
Recommendation
 Peace Talks or Ways/Negotiations
 By Force
 Conciliation
 Mediators
 Good Office ( role play by other state as World Bank in Indus Treaty)
 Inquiry ( suitable on border sites)
 Judicial ( International Court of Justices)
 Sanctions
 Blockades ( block routes etc. as case of Malacca )
 Intervention
 WAR