Uas Bahasa Inggris 2 Dicky Adam 20160700029

1. HOW TO EDUCATE SOCIETY ABOUT FACT NEWS
DICKY ADAM
20160700029

2. STUDY PROGRAM INFORMATION SYSTEM
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

3. UNIVERSITAS BUDDHI DHARMA
In December, 2019, a local outbreak of pneumonia of initially unknown cause was detected in Wuhan (Hubei,
China), and was quickly determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, (Who, 2020) namely severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak has since spread to every province of
mainland China as well as 27 other countries and regions, with more than 70 000 confirmed cases as of Feb 17,
2020.(Who, 2020)
The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are protean, which include asymptomatic carrier, ARD, and
pneumonia of varying degrees of severity.(J Am Med Assoc (2020 Feb 21) First, asymptomatic cases were
diagnosed based on positive viral nucleic acid test results, but without any COVID-19 symptoms, such as fever,
gastrointestinal, or respiratory symptoms, and no significant abnormalities on chest radiograph,China CDC
Weekly (2020)Second, patients with ARD defined as laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases had respiratory
symptoms; however, chest computed tomography (CT) did not reveal signs of pneumonia,(medRxiv (2020 Feb
9). Third, patients with pneumonia defined as COVID-19 cases had both respiratory symptoms and pneumonia
on chest radiograph. This category includes severe pneumonia – either respiratory rate ≥30/minute,
SpO2 ≤ 93%, or PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg, and a critical condition, characterized by respiratory failure
requiring mechanical ventilation, shock, or other organ failure requiring ICU management,(China CDC
Weekly (2020).
One of the central emotional responses during a pandemic is fear. Humans, like other animals, possess a set of
defensive systems for combating ecological threats (Neurosci. 9, 55 (2015). Negative emotions resulting from
threat can be contagious (USA 111, 8878–8790 (2014) and fear can make threats appear more imminent
(Psychol. Sci. 24, 34–40 (2013). Another challenge is that people often exhibit an ‘optimism bias’: the belief
that bad things are less likely to befall oneself than others. While optimism bias may be useful for avoiding
negative emotions (Res. Ther. 44, 861–882 (2006).it can lead people to underestimate their likelihood of
contracting a disease (Curr. Biol. 21, R941–R945 (2011).
In the case of strong emotional reactions, people may also ignore important numeric information such as
probabilities (Psychol. Sci. 12, 185–190 (2001) and a problem’s scope (J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 133, 23–30 (2004).
There is a common belief in popular culture that, when in peril, people panic, especially when in crowds. That
is, they act blindly and excessively out of self-preservation, potentially endangering the survival of all
(Contexts 1, 21–26 (2002). This idea has been used to explain responses to the current COVID-19 outbreak,
most commonly in relation to the notion of ‘panic buying’. However, close inspection of what happens in
disasters reveals a different picture. Certainly, some people do act selfishly and some, especially those who are
particularly vulnerable, may experience more distress. But cooperation and orderly, norm-governed behaviour
are common across a range of emergencies and disasters; and there are many instances when people display
remarkable altruism (Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 29, 38–81 (2018). In fact, the concept of ‘panic’ has largely been
abandoned by researchers because it neither describes nor explains what people usually do in disaster
(Pergamon Press, 2001). One of these factors is an emerging sense of shared identity and concern for others,
which arises from the shared experience of being in a disaster (Disasters 27, 66–95 (2009). This feeling can be
harnessed by addressing the public in collective terms and by urging ‘us’ to act for the common good (Health
Secur. 13, 45–53 (2015).

4. REFERENCES
WHO statement regarding cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China
World Health Organization - Beijing: WHO, 2020
WHOCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation
reports.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reportsDate accessed:
February 17, 2020
Y. Bai, L. Yao, T. Wei, F. Tian, D.Y. Jih, L. Chen, et al.Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of
COVID-19
J Am Med Assoc (2020 Feb 21),
The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology TeamThe epidemiological
characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) – China
China CDC Weekly (2020)
W.J. Guan, Z.Y. Ni, Y. Hu, W.H. Laing, C.Q. Ou, J.X. He, et al.Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel
coronavirus infection in China
medRxiv (2020 Feb 9)
The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology TeamThe epidemiological
characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) – China
China CDC Weekly (2020)
LeDoux, J. Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 73, 653–676 (2012).
Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E. & Hancock, J. T. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion
through social networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 8878–8790 (2014).
Cole, S., Balcetis, E. & Dunning, D. Affective signals of threat increase perceived proximity. Psychol. Sci. 24,
34–40 (2013).
Drury, J. The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: an integrative review. Eur. Rev.
Soc. Psychol. 29, 38–81 (2018).
Quarantelli, E.L. Sociology of panic. in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences (eds.
Smelser, N. J. & Baltes, P. B.) 11020–11023 (Pergamon Press, 2001).
Drury, J., Cocking, C. & Reicher, S. The nature of collective resilience: survivor reactions to the 2005 London
bombings. Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disasters 27, 66–95 (2009).
Carter, H., Drury, J., Rubin, G. J., Williams, R. & Amlôt, R. Applying crowd psychology to develop
recommendations for the management of mass decontamination. Health Secur. 13, 45–53 (2015).