3. What are chromatography
Chromatography is a technique separation components of a mixture
continuous distribution of components between two phases.
Mobile phase mixture to be separated does move
Stationary phase the material on which the separation takes place can
be solid, gel or liquid doesn't move
Physico-chemical method
chroma color graphing to write
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4. Historical Development
Important technique 2Nobel prize
1906 Michael tsvett Russian botanist concept of
liquid chromatography to purify chlorophyll from plant
extracts.
Father of chromatography or color writing
1940s lack of reproducibility in silica gel sheet of filter
paper is used.
paper chromatography was
1865 introduced by Christian SEHON BEIN German
scientist
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6. Planer :- it is a liquid chromatography in which the stationary phase is
arranged in the form of a planer or flat bed and the mobile phase
column :- technique use in the purification of compound based on their
hydrophobicity or polarity ,in this chromatography process the molecule
mixture is separate depends on its differential partitioning between
stationary and mobile phase.
Thin layer :- is technique use to isolate non-volatile mixture in which the
stationary phases aluminum foil, plastic or glass which are coated with a
thin layer of adsorbent material. the material generally use is aluminum
oxide cellulose or silica gel.
Paper:- here is a special type of paper is used .
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8. Paper chromatography (PC)
Paper chromatography partition chromatography the substance
separated different rates of migration by using paper (Whatman filter
paper).
Whatman filter paper alpha cellulose, beta cellulose, pentosanes, ashes
maximum separation.
Example:- analysis unknown substance (Cu^2+,Co^2+, Ni^2+)
carried out mainly by the flow of solvent on the paper.
On the basis of mode of separation two types of paper
chromatography,
I. Paper adsorption chromatography [liquid-solid]
Separation occurs on the basis of adsorption
I. Paper partition chromatography [liquid-liquid]
II. Separation occurs on the basis of partition
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Whatman filter paper
9. Modes of PC.
On the basis of flow of solvent
Ascending chromatography (one way)
solvent travels downward on the paper.
Descending chromatography (one Way)
here the solvent travels upward direction of the paper.
Circular/radial chromatography
circular paper is used nd sample placed at the center
of the paper.
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10. Principle
Based on the principle of separation
Separation relative affinity of cpds towards s.p. and m.p.
Cpds under the influence of m.p. travel over the surface of s.p.
During this cpds with higher affinity to s.p. travel slowly
while other travel faster.
Separation of mix. achieved
Separation completed cmpts visualized as spots at
respective paper.
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11. Apparatus & chemical
Beaker
Measuring cylinder
Pipette tank
Whatman filer paper ( Stationary
phase)
5% of solution of nitrates of metals
developing solvent ( mobile phase)
Locating reagent
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13. 1) First take absorbent paper for the process, this paper may be special
chromatography paper.
2) Then draw a horizontal line near the end [1.5cm from the edge] of the paper. A line
is drawn with the help of pencil because the lead of pencil no contain any type of
dye therefore their will not interfere with result.
3) The sample need to be separated, is place as a small drop on thee line using
capillary tube and the spot dried.
4) The paper is kept in a closed chamber which contain with a swallow layers of solvent
the solvent must be lower then the pencil line or drop on it. The container need to
be covered to avoid solvent to evaporate.
5) As soon as filter paper gets the liquid through the spot of the test solution.
6) Then the various substances moved by solvent system at various speeds. When
solvent has moved substance to the solvent front then the paper dried and the
various spots are visualizes by soluble reagent called visualized reagents.
7) The movement of substance to the solvent is expressed in term of rf values. i.e.
migration parameter.
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14. Rf value & Result
Rf value :- The ration of the distance of the spot the compound to the
distance travel by the solvent front is known as Rf value for that component.
RF value = 0 immobile
RF value =1 solute has no affinity for stationary phase with the solvent
front.
Rf value = Distance travelled by compound
Distance travelled by a solvent
Result :-
1) The spots of Co^2+, Cu^2+, Ni^2+ can be identified by their green,
brown, and blue color respectively.
2) The Rf value of cation was found.
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15. Application
Real-life example of uses for chromatography
1. Widely chemical industry
2. Hospital detect blood or alcohol in a patients blood stream.
3. Law enforcement to compare a sample found at a crime scene to sample of
suspects.
4. Environmental testing determining the level of pollutants in the water supply.
5. Manufacturing plant to purify a chemical needed to make a product.
6. Quality control food industry analyzed additives like vitamins, proteins
preservative aminoacides
7. Pharmaceutical company determine amount of each chemical found in new
product.
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