The document discusses different types of power plants. It defines a power plant as an industrial facility that generates electric power by converting other forms of energy. Power plants are categorized based on their primary energy source (e.g. nuclear, fossil fuels), prime mover (e.g. steam turbine, gas turbine), or duty (e.g. base load, peaking). Thermal power plants produce steam from heating water which spins a turbine connected to an electric generator. Nuclear power plants similarly produce steam but use nuclear fission as the heat source. Hydroelectric plants harness the kinetic energy of moving water via dams or run-of-river methods. Geothermal plants extract underground heat to flash steam and drive turbines.

1. Seminar on
Power Plant

2. Definition
A power station (also referred to as a
generating station, power plant, powerhouse or
generating plant) is an industrial facility for
the generation of electric power.
Hydraulic Energy / Thermal Energy -> Mechanical Energy -> Electrical Energy

3. Unit collection of Power Plant
There may be several units which are
described below –
1. Energy source (Heat, wind, water etc.)
2. Turbine
3. Generator (a rotating machine that converts
mechanical power into electrical power by
creating relative motion between a magnetic
field and a conductor)

4. Types of Power Plant
1. On the Basis of Primary Source / Fuel –
(a.) Nuclear Power Plants
(b.) Geothermal Power Plants
(c.) Fossil-Fuel Power Plants
(d.) Biomass-Fuelled Power Plants
(e.) Solar Thermal Power Plants

5. 2.On the Basis of Prime Mover
(a.) Steam Turbine Power Plants
(b.) Gas Turbine Power Plants
(c.) Combined Cycle Power Plants
(d.) Internal combustion reciprocating engines are used for small
cogeneration plants likes - Hospitals, office buildings,
industrial plants, and other critical facilities.
(e.) Micro turbines, Stirling engine and internal combustion
reciprocating engines are low-cost solutions for using
opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water
treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.

6. 3. On the Basis of Duty
(a.) Base Load Power Plants - Base Load Power Plants run nearly
continually to provide that component of system load that doesn't vary
during a day or week.
(b.) Peaking Power Plants - Peaking power plants meet the daily peak
load, which may only be for a one or two hours each day. While their
incremental operating cost is always higher than base load plants
(c.) Load Following Power Plants - Load following power plants can
economically follow the variations in the daily and weekly load, at lower
cost than peaking plants and with more flexibility than base load plants.

7. Performance Efficiencies
All thermal power plants produce waste heat
energy as a by product of the useful electrical
energy produced. The amount of waste heat
energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy
converted into useful electricity . Gas-fired
power plants can achieve “50%” conversion
efficiency while coal and oil plants achieve
around “30–49%”.

8. Cooling Process / Cooling Tower
(a.) Water Cooled
(b.) Mechanical Induced
Draft Wet Cooling
(c.) Air Cooled
Natural draft wet cooling tower

9. (a.) Water Cooled - many nuclear power plants and large
fossil fuel-fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney -
like structures that release the waste heat to the ambient
atmosphere by the evaporation of water.
(b.) Mechanical Induced Draft Wet Cooling - Many
power plants use fans to provide air movement upward through
down coming water, and are not hyperboloid chimney-like
structures.
(c.) Air Cooled – In areas with restricted water use, a dry
cooling tower or directly air-cooled radiators may be necessary.
These coolers have lower efficiency and higher energy
consumption to drive fans, compared to a typical wet,
evaporative cooling tower.

10. Thermal Power Plant

11. Thermal Power Plant
A thermal power station is a
power plant in which the
prime mover is steam
driven. Water is heated,
turns into steam and spins a
steam turbine which drives
an electrical generator.After
it passes through the
turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser
and recycled to where it was
heated; this is known as a
Rankine cycle.
T – S diagram of Rankine Cycle

12. Components of a Thermal Power Plant
1. Cooling tower
2. Cooling water pump
3. transmission line (3-phase)
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase)
5. Electrical generator (3-phase)
6. Low pressure steam turbine
7. Condensate pump
8. Surface condenser
9. Intermediate pressure steam turbine
10. Steam Control valve
11. High pressure steam turbine
12. De aerator
13. Feed water heater
14. Boiler steam drum
15. Super heater
16. Forced draught (draft) fan
17. Re heater
18. Combustion air intake
19. Induced draught (draft) fan

13. 2.Nuclear Thermal Power Plant
The heat is produced by
fission in a nuclear
reactor (a light water
reactor). Directly or
indirectly, water vapour
(steam) is produced.
The pressurized steam is
then usually fed to a
multi-stage steam
turbine.

14. Nuclear Reactors
A nuclear reactor is a
device to initiate and
control a sustained
nuclear chain reaction.
The most common use
of nuclear reactors is for
the generation of
electric energy and for
the propulsion of ships.
The nuclear reactor is
the heart of the plant.

15. Hydraulic Power Plant / Hydroelectricity
The production of
electrical power through
the use of the
gravitational force of
falling or flowing water.
It is the most widely
used form of renewable
energy.

16. Generating Methods of Hydroelectricity
Conventional ( dams ) - Most hydroelectric power comes fromthe
potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and
generator.
Pumped-Storage - This method produces electricity to supply high peak
demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations.
Run-of-the-River -Run of the river hydropower could provide potential
to drive the turbine.
Tide - A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean
water due to tides.
Underground - An underground power station makes use of a large
natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or
mountain lake.

17. Geothermal Power Plant
Geothermal electricity is
electricity generated from
geothermal energy. Technologies
in use include dry steam power
plants, flash steam power plants
and binary cycle power plants.

18. Types of Geothermal Power Plant
(1.) Dry Steam Power Plant -They directly use geothermal steam of 150°C or
greater to turn turbines.
(2.) Flash Steam Power Plants - Flash steam plants pull deep, high-pressure
hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to
drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180°C, usually
more.
(3.)Binary Cycle Power Plants - The moderately hot geothermal water is
passed by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water.
This causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize, which then drives the
turbines.