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ABOUT NATIONAL THERMAL POWER PLANT COOPERATION, BARH
N.T.P.C. Is India's most imposing power-creating group with it is present yield being 2,500MW.
Around 3,300MW of coal-created power is almost always included at Barh close Patna in Bihar,
India. The several unit 1,980MW Barh I are once again being constructed by Russian firm
Technopromoexport(TPE), & the two-unit 1,320MW Barh II enlargement are being fabricated by
BHEL. Barh has been named a mega power undertaking & is possessed by Indian life association
N.T.P.C.
TableA. ABOUT NATIONAL THERMAL POWER COOPERATION, BARH
Capacity 3300MW-first stage(3x600) and second stage
(2x660)
Estimated cost of the Project 16034cr.(approx.)
Land required Main plant and township 1268 acres, ash dyke
and other 1906 acres
Requirement of coal 17.72 metric ton per year
Sources of Coal Amrapali Block north karnapura coal field
Sources of Water From Ganga River(180qc)
Benefices State Bihar and other States/ North and west union
territories
N.T.P.C.'s BARH(BIHAR) MEGA PROJECT STAGE-II
The 2x660MW feature voyage of N.T.P.C.'s mega-power credit at Barh closer to Patna, province
was started with summat contribution is pegged at Rs 7340 crores. The essential 660MW unit
donate be requisitioned in Dissent 2012 & the backing 660MW thing endownment be charged in
January 2013.
Barh stage-I started in February 2005 is 3x660MW yet is markedly tardy calender chiefly in light
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of long-standing contractual debates between N.T.P.C. & the Russian go hand in hand with
Techno prom fare(T.P.E.) which is the turnkey fasicle for the straight. T.P.E. Is supplying the boilers
& different Slavic partner Nation Machines is supplying the turbine-generators. Organisation 1 was
supposed to single been sactioned by Marching 2009 yet the genius suspected commonplace is Jan
2011.
The different two units are likewise put off by over two geezer hood. The numerate cost of Stage-I
is Rs 8700 crores, of which harshly Rs 3000 crores has of now been spent. Generous supplying for
the rigging protest is most gross yet erection action yet to Solon.
For the ultimo few months,N.T.P.C has been in discourse with TPE to sort out the debates over
quality & case accelerations & obtain work continued at the locale. At the same time there has been
no discovery & Jairam Ramesh declared that N.T.P.C. Has now conceeded chance to TPE Soil Sept
24th before it begins settling processes as accomodated in the captivate.
TABLEB. STRUCTUREOF ORGANISATION
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ABOUT PROJECT
CHAPTER 1. PARTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
FIGURE1.1VARIOUS PARTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
The various parts are listed below-
1.Cooling Tower
2.Cooling water pump
3.Transmission line(3 phase)
4.Unit transformer(3 phase)
5.Electric generator(3 phase)
6.Low pressure turbine
7.Condensate extraction pump
8.Condenser
9.Intermediate pressure turbine
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10.Steam governor valve
11.High pressure turbine
12.Deaerator
13.Feed Water Heater
14.Coal conveyer
15.Coal hopper
16.Pulverised fuel mill
17.Boiler drum
18.Ash hopper
19.Super heater
20.Forced draught fan
21.Reheater
22.Air intake
23.Economiser
24.Air preheater
25.Precipiator
26.Induced draught fan
27.Flue gas
1.COOLING TOWER-
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the
atmosphere.Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and
cool the working fluid to the near wet bulb temperature or in the case of closed circuit dry cooling
towers rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to the near dry-bulb air temperature. Common
applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power
stastion and building cooling.
The towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be
upto 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter, or rectangular structure that can be over 40 metres
tall and 80 metres long. Smaller tower are normally factory-built, while larger one are constructed
on the site. The absorbed heat is rejected to the atmosphere by evaporation of some of the cooling
water in mechanical forced-draft or induced draft tower as or in natural draft hyperbolic shaped
cooling towers seen at most nuclear power plant.
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2.COOLING WATER PUMP-
It pumps the water from the cooling tower which goes to the condenser.
3.THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE-
Three phase electric power is acommon method of electric power transmission. It is a type of
polyphase system mainly used to power motors and other devices. A three phase system use less
conductive material to transmit electric power than equivalent single phase, two phase, or direct
current system at the same voltage. In a three phase system, three circuit reach at their
instanteneous peak at different time.
Taking current in one conductor as the reference , the current in the other two are are delayed in
time by one-third and two-third of the one cycle. This delay between “phases” has the effect of
giving constant power transfer over each cycle of the current and also makes it possible to produce
a magnetic field in the electric motor. At the power stastion the electric generator converts the
mechanical power into electric currents, one from each electromagnetic coil or winding of the
generator.
The current are sinusoidal functions of time, all the same frequency but offset is time to give
different phases. In a three phase system the phases are spaced equally,giving a phase separation of
one-third of one cycle. Generator output that ranges from hundred of volts to 30,000volts.
4.UNIT TRANSFORMER(3 PHASE)-
At power station, transformer step-up this voltage to one more suitable for transmission. After
numereous further conversion in the transmission and distribution system the power is finally
transformed to the standard mains voltage (i.e., household voltage). The power have already been
split up into single phase at this point or it may still been in three phase. Where the step-down is 3-
phase, the output of transformer is usually star connected with the standard mains voltage being the
phase neutral voltage.
5.ELECTRICAL GENERATOR-
An electrical generator is a device that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy generally use
electromagnetic induction. The task of converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy is
accomplished by using a motor. The source of energy can be water falling through a turbine or
steam turning a turbine. The most common speed for generator is 3000 rad/s for 50 Hz.
6.LOW PRESSURE TURBINE-
Energy in the steam after it leaves the turbine is convert into rotational energy as it passes through
the turbine. The turbine normally consists of several stages with each stage consisting of a
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stationary blade(or nozzle) and a rotating blade. Stationary blades converts the potential energy of
steam into kinetic energy and direct the flow onto the rotating blades. The rotating blades convert
the kinetic energy into impulse and reaction forces, caused by pressure drop, which results in the
rotation of turbine shaft. The turbine shaft is connected to the generator, which produces the
electrical energy.
Low Pressure Turbine(LPT) consist of 4x2 stages. After passing through Intermediate Pressure
Turbine steam is passed to through the LPT.
7.CONDENSATION AND EXTRACTION PUMP-
A Boiler feed pump is aspecific type of pump used to pump water into steam boiler. The water may
be freshly applied or returning condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are
normally high pressure unit that use suction from a condensate return system and can be of
centrifugal pump type or positive displacement type.
8.CONDENSER-
The steam coming from LPT is brought into thermal contact with cold water in the condenser,
where it condenses back into water creating near vacuum like conditions inside the condenser
chest.
9.INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE TURBINE-
In Intermediate Pressure Turbine(IPT) consists of 11 stages. When the steam has been passed
through HPT it enters into IPT. IPT has two ends- rear and front. Steam enters through front end
and exits through rear end.
9.STEAM GOVENOR VALVE-
The pump was often a positive displacement pump that had steam valves and cylinders at one end
and feed water cylinder at other end, no crankshaft was required. In thermal power plant the
primary function of surface condenser is to condensate the exhaust steam from a steam turbine to
obtain the maximum efficiency and also to convert the turbine condensate steam into pure water so
that it can be reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water. By condensing the
exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below atmospheric pressure, the steam pressure drop
between inlet and exhaust is increased, which increases the amount of heat avaliable for conversion
into mechanical energy. Most of the heat liberated due to condensation of exhaust steam is carried
away by cooling mechanism used by the surface condenser. Control valves are the valves used
within the industrial plants and elasewhere to control operating conditions such as temperature,
pressure, flow and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signal
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received from controllers that compares a”set point” to a “process variable” whose value is
provided by means of mechanical, electrical, hydraullic or pneuamatic system.
11.HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE-
Steam coming from Boiler directly feeds into HPT at a temperature of 540 C.and at a pressure of
136kg/cm2. Here it passes through 12 different stages due to which the temperature goes down
down to 329C and pressure as 27kg/cm2. This line is also known as CRH-COLD REHEAT LINE.
12.DEAREATOR-
A Deareator is a device for air removal and used to remove dissolved gases from boiler feed water
to make it non-corrosive. A deareator typically includes a vertical domed deareation section as the
deareation boiler water tank. A steam generating boiler requires that the circulating steam,
condensate and feed water should be devoid of dissolved gases, particularly corosive ones and
dissolved or suspended solids. The gases will give rise to corrosion of the metal. The solid will
deposit on the heating surfaces giving rise to localized heating and tube rupters due to over heating.
13.FEED WATER HEATER-
A Feed water heater is a power plant component used to preheat water delivered to avsteam
generating boiler. Preheating the feed water reduces the irreversibility involved in the steam
generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant
operating costs and also to avoid thermal sock to the boiler mounted metal when the feed water is
introduced back into the steam cycle. In a steam power, feed water heaters allow the feed water to
be brought upto the saturation system very gradually. This minimizes the inevitable irreversibility
associated with heat transfer to the working fluid.
14.COAL CONVEYOR-
Coal conveyor consists of two pulleys which are used to transfer coal from its storage place to coal
hopper. A belt conveyor consist of two pulleys, with a continuous loop of material- the conveyor
belt- that rotates about them. The pulleys are powered , moving the belt and the material on the belt
forward.
Conveyor belts are extetensively used to transport industrial and agricultural material, such as
grains, coal, ores etc.,
15.COAL HOPPER-
Coal Hoppers are the places which are used to feed coal to Fuel Mill. It also has the arrangement of
entering the Hot air at 200C inside it which solves our two-purposes-
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a. If our coal has moisture content then it dries it so that a proper combustion takes place
b. It raises the temperature of coal so that its temperature is more near to its Ignite temperature so
that combustion is easy.
16.PULVERISED FUEL MILL-
A pulveriser is a device for grinding coal for combustion in a furnance in a fossil fuel power plant.
17.BOILER DRUM-
Steam drums are a regular feature of water tube boilers. It is a reservoir of the water/steam at the
top of the water tubes in water-tube boiler. They store the steam generated in the water tubes in the
water=tube boiler. They store the steam generated in the water tubes in the water tube and acts as a
phase separator for the steam/water mixture. The difference in densities between hot and cold water
helps in accumaltion of the hotter water/and are saturated steam drum. Made from high grade-steel
probably stainless and its working involves temperature of 390C and pressure well above
350psi(2.4MPa). The seperated steam is drawn off the drum. The steam will renter the furnance in
through a super heater, while the saturated water at the bottom of steam drum flows down to the
mud-drum/feed water drum by down comer tubes. Accessories include a safety valve, water level
indicator and fuse plug.
18.ASH HOPPER-
A steam drum is used in the company of amud-drum/feed water drum which is located to a lower
level.
So that it acts as a sump for the sludge or sediments which have tendency to accumalates at the
bottom.
19.SUPER HEATER-
A Super Heater is a device in a steam engine that heats the steam generated by the boiler again
increasing its thermal energy. Super heaters increase the efficiency of the steam engine, and were
widely adopted. Steam which has been superheated is logically known as superheated steam; non-
superheated steam is called saturated or wet steam
20.FORCED DRAUGHT FAN-
External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The forced draught fan takes air
from the atmosphere and, warms it in the air preheater for better combustion, injects it via the air
nozzles on the furnance wall.
21.REHEATER-
Reheater is a heater which is used to raise the temperature of steam which has fallen from the
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intermediate pressure turbine.
22.AIR INTAKE-
Air is taken from the environment by an intake tower which is fed to the fuel.
23.ECONOMISERS-
Economizer, are the mechanical devices that intend to reduce energy consumption, or to perform
another useful function like preheating a fluid. The term economizer is used for other purposes as
well-boiler, power plant, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning. In boilers, economizer are heat
exchange devices that heat fluids, usually water, up to but not normally beyond the boiling point of
the fluid. Economizers are so named because they can make use of the enthalpy and improving the
boiler's efficiency.
24.AIR PREHEATER-
Air preheater is a general term to describe any device designed to heat air before another process.
The purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat from the boiler flue gas which increases
thermal efficiency.of the boiler by reducing the useful heat lost in the flue gas. As a consequence,
the flue gases are also sent to the flue gas stack(or chimney) at a lower temperature allowing
simplified design of the ducting and the flue gas stack. It also allows control over the temperature
of gases leaving the stack.
25.PRECIPITATOR-
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device
that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an inducedelectrostatic
charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the
flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and
smoke from the air stream.
In contrast to wet scrubbers which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid medium, an ESP
applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its
consumption of energy (in the form of electricity).
26.INDUCED DRAUGHT FAN-
Induced-draft or forced-draft burners increase the efficiency of the furnace over natural-draft
burners. Let's make sure we understand the terms.1.Natural-draft burners
A natural-draft burner relies simply on atmospheric pressure and the venturi effect of the gas
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burner to move the air. Excess air has to be available both at the burner and at the draft hood to
ensure full combustion and good draft as it moves up the chimney. With natural draft (also
sometimes called gravity venting), we have to keep the chimney warm enough to maintain the
upward flow of exhaust products. The pressure in the venting system is negative with natural draft
burners.
2. Induced-draft
An induced-draft burner uses a blower to pull air into the burner, and through the combustion
chamber and heat exchanger. The fan then pushes the flue gases out through the vent. This creates
negative pressure in the furnace, and may create positive or negative pressure in the venting
systems.
Sidewall-vented, induced-draft furnaces have significant positive pressure pushing exhaust gases
outside. Induced-draft furnaces designed to vent into chimneys or B- vents, for example, are
baffled so the exhaust gases are at atmospheric pressure (considered negative) when they enter the
chimney. These can then be manifolded with natural-draft water heaters, for example. Sidewall-
vented systems cannot.
Induced-draft fans are also called aust blowers, power vents or power venters. Systems with
induced or forced draft fans are sometimes referred tofan-assisted. 3. Forced-draft burners A
forced-draft combustion system uses a fan to push combustion air into the burner, through the
combustion chamber, through the heat exchanger and out through the vent system. All oil burners
and some gas systems use forced draft. Forced-draft burners cannot usually be manifolded with
any other type of burner, although two forced-draft burners can be coupled. Some forced draft
systems produce negative vent pressure (conventional oil fur-nace, for example) and some produce
positive vent pressure (high efficiency gas furnaces,
27.FLUE GAS-
Flue gases the waste gases exhausted out through the chimney of the boiler.
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CHAPTER2. TYPES OF CYCLES USED DURING THE PROCESS
FIGURE.2.1. SHOWING THE WHOLE PROCESSES USED AT THERMAL PLANT
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CHAPTER 3.PROCESS OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
3.1. STEPS OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY-
There are 3 steps of generation of electricity-
1. Coal to Steam
2. Steam to mechanical powers(turbines)
3. Power generation, transmission & distribution
FIG.3.1.PROCESS OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
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FIG.3.2.SUMMARY OF COAL TO ELECTRICITY PROCESS
3.1.A. COAL TO STEAM-
I.COAL HANDLING PLANT(C.H.P.)-
Coal handlig plant is a plant which handles the coal from its reciept through the coal mines to
transporting it to boiler and store in bunkers. It also processes the raw coal to make it suitable for
boiler operation.
A typical coal handling plant in any power plant shall have following processes in sequence
depending upon the capacity of the plant.
1.Unloading process
2.Feeding process
3.Screening process
4.Crushing process
5.Stacing process
6.Reclaiming process
7.Bunkering process
II.BOILERS-
WORKING PRINCIPLE-MODIFIED RANKINE CYCLE-
Process1-2- working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure.
Process2-6- high pressure fluid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external
heat source to become saturated dry pressure
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Process6-11- The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine,dry pressure
Process11-1- The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant
temperature to become a saturated liquid
FIG3.3. MODIFIED RANKINE CYCLE
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(F)
3.1.B.STEAM TO MECHANICAL POWER(TURBINE)
There are 3 types of turbines-
I.HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE-
• It is of single design..
• Each stage has moving and stationary blades
• Superheated steam (at 110C) from boiler drum enters in to it.
• Speed- 3000r.p.m.
II.INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE TURBINE-
• Double flow design with seven stages of blading on either side.
• Each stage has moving and stationary blades.
• Reheated steam(at 535C) from H.P. Turbine outlet enrers to it.
• Speed- 3000rpm
III.LOW PRESSURE TURBINE-
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• It also consists of douuble flow design with 6 stages in front and rear flow vpaths.
• Each stage has moving and stationary blades.
• Steam out of I.P. Turbine directly enters in to it.
• Speed- 3000rpm
FIGURE3.5. CONDENSER
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3.1.C.POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION-
TRANSFORMER-
TABLE 3.1. ABOUT TRANSFORMER
Rating Continuous
Active output 110MW
Rated Voltage 11000+/-5%V
Rated Current 7220A
Power Factor 0.8% lagging
Frequency 50Hz
Excitation System Static type
Field current at rated output 1335A
Type of cooling system Hydrogen Cooled
Hydrogen Pressure 2 Ata
No. of H cooled elements 6
Cooling medium for H Soft Water
SWITCH YARD-
Electrical energy can be transmitted through-
a. Indoor Equipments
b.Outdoor Equipments
a.INDOOR EQUIPMENT-
1.Bus Bar
2.Lightening Arrester
3.Wave Trap
4.Breaker
5.Capacitive voltage transformer
6.Earthing rod
7.Current transformer
8.Potential transformer
9.Lightening mask
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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE-
• REGARDING N.T.P.C.-
The thermal power project of Barh is mainly for the fulfillment of the electricity needs of the
eastern grid and the Bihar along with its neighbouring states.
On the account of future scope, this project has a lot of scope as it will provide-
1.Electricity needs
2.Jobs to local people
3.Lessing load on eastern grid
4.Support in industrialization of beneficial areas
5.Support in development of Bihar 6.Better
use of conventional resources like coal which comes from JHARIA mines situated at
Jharkhand
• REGARDING MECHANICAL STUDENT-
The thermal power plant pf N.T.P.C., Barh helped a lot in improvement as far mechanical skill is
considered, there was opportunity as far as mechanical skill is considered, there was opportunity
provided to watch all the components we used in steam generation process, thermal engineering,
heat transfer and other topics related to the course book. There we got chance to see the practical
application of the various equipments like boilers, turbines etc.., It also provided me an opportunity
to get training ina power plant project with actual environment and several trainee through various
institutes which will definetly help me to understand the working atmosphere of the company.
• COMBINED CONCLUSION-
So on the basis of above mentioned facts I think this was really a beneficiary training regarding my
career.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION-
The main purpose of the NATIONAL THERMAL POWER COOPERATION, BARH plant is to
produit is estimated that ce the electricity with the help of various mechanical, electrical &
electronics equipments. Currently the stage1 is to produce electricity only. Soon after the
completion of power plant it is estimated that the requirement of electricity will come to be
fulfilled in the eastern grid and also in Bihar and neghbouring states.
The capacity of the power plant is 33,000MW but right now only stageI is to be start and stageII is
still under construction. The stageI consists of 3 boilers while stage II consists of 2 boilers. So,
right now the NATIONAL THERMAL POWER PLANT, BARH is to work on just 60% of its
capacity.
The frequency of grid is 50Hz on 220V, the grid can work within the range of 47.5Hz to 52.5Hz
the grid will collapse and there will be power-cut problem and this condition is termed as
“BLACKOUT”.
Earlier days many private companies used to hide their production to make profit and had to
supply excess electricity sometimes to save the grid, but now-a-days excess electricity sometimes
to save the grid, but now-a-days government has made a rule that-”It is mandatory for all the grids
to produce or hide only maximum of 5% of the total capacity declared by the grid”.
• RESULT-
NATIONAL THERMAL POWER COOPERATION is leading electricity producing government
organisation of India, on the account of training there was a lot of opportunity to learn in terms of
Mechanical(Boiler, turbines etc.,), Electrical(Transformer, Switch yard etc..,),Electronics(Various
equipments and their work) etc.., it was a unforgettable and beneficiary stay.
