Flashcards Exam 1[1].pptx

Definition: The process of
encoding, storing, and retrieving
information in the brain.

transforming information into a
form that can be stored in
memory.

retaining information in
memory over time.

accessing information that has
been previously stored in
memory.

Term: The story of Clive
Wearing

Definition: Clive Wearing was a
British musician who developed
retrograde and anterograde
amnesia after contracting
herpes encephalitis.

Definition: A condition
characterized by the inability to
remember past events or form
new memories.

Definition: A type of amnesia in
which a person loses the ability
to recall events that occurred
before the onset of amnesia.

Definition: A type of amnesia in
which a person is unable to
form new memories after the
onset of amnesia.

Definition: The inability to
recall memories from early
childhood.

Definition: A progressive
neurological disorder
characterized by memory loss
and cognitive decline.

Definition: A highly detailed,
exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the
moment and circumstances in which
a piece of surprising and
consequential (or emotionally
arousing) news was heard.

Term: Encoding emotional
memories

encoding memories that are
associated with intense
emotional experiences.

Term: Forgetting/blocking
emotional memories

actively suppressing or
forgetting memories that are
associated with intense
emotional experiences.

Term: Post-traumatic stress
disorder treatments

Definition: Treatments such as
cognitive-behavioral therapy and
exposure therapy that are used to
help individuals cope with and
overcome the symptoms of post-
traumatic stress disorder.

Term: Atkinson-Shiffrin
Model (1968)

Definition: A model of memory
that suggests that memory is
composed of three distinct
stages: sensory memory, short-
term memory, and long-term
memory.

Definition: A type of memory
that briefly stores sensory
information before it is
processed further.

Term: Size, time stored, iconic
memory, echoic memory

Definition: Sensory memory has a
large capacity and stores information
for a very short period of time. Iconic
memory stores visual information,
while echoic memory stores auditory
information.

Definition: The number of items
that can be apprehended or
perceived at one time.

Term: Sperling's Partial
Report Technique

Definition: An experimental
technique used to study sensory
memory, in which participants
are briefly shown a grid of
letters and then asked to recall
only a subset of the letters
based on a specific cue.

Term: Short-term memory
(working memory)

that stores information
temporarily for immediate use.

Definition Short-term memory
has a limited capacity and stores
information for a few seconds to
a minute.

Definition: A memory strategy
that involves grouping or
organizing information into
meaningful units in order to
remember it more easily.

Definition: A component of
working memory that is
responsible for the temporary
storage of verbal information.

Term: Visual-spatial
sketchpad

Definition: A component of
working memory that is
responsible for the temporary
storage and manipulation of
visual and spatial information.

that stores information for a
long period of time.

Definition: Long-term memory
has an unlimited capacity and
can store information for a
lifetime.

that involves repeating
information in order to encode
it into long-term memory.

that involves creating
associations between new
information and previously
learned information in order to
encode it into long-term
memory.

Definition: The tendency for
people to recall the first and last
items in a list more easily than
items in the middle.

that involves creating mental
images in order to encode
information into long-term
memory.

Definition: Memory aids that
help people remember
information by associating it
with a familiar or easily
remembered phrase, acronym,
or image.

Definition: The inability to
retrieve information that was
previously stored in memory.

Definition: Situations in which
information was not encoded
properly into long-term
memory, leading to forgetting.

Term: Failures at storage
(Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve)

forgetting to occur more rapidly
immediately after learning and
then to level off over time.

Definition: Situations in which
information that was previously
stored in long-term memory
cannot be retrieved, leading to
forgetting.

Definition: The phenomenon in
which new information
interferes with the retrieval of
old information, or vice versa.

Definition: A type of motivated
forgetting in which a person
intentionally forgets a traumatic
or disturbing memory.

Term: Misinformation Effect
(Elizabeth Loftus)

Definition: A phenomenon in
which memories are altered by
the introduction of misleading
information after the event.

Definition: A series of debates and
controversies in the field of psychology
surrounding the reliability and accuracy
of eyewitness testimony and recovered
memories.

Chapter 2: Thinking and
Language

Definition: Mental processes
involved in acquiring, storing,
retrieving, and using
information.

Definition: Intentional and
deliberate mental processing
that involves awareness and
control of thought processes.

Definition: Abstract and
symbolic mental representations
of information, such as
propositions or ideas.

Definition: Mental
representations of information
in the form of images or sensory
experiences.

Definition: Mental categories
that group together objects,
events, or ideas based on their
common features.

grouping objects, events, or
ideas into categories based on
their common features.

Definition: The ability to apply a
learned concept or behavior to
new situations or objects.

Definition: Concepts that can
be directly perceived
through the senses.

Definition: Concepts that
cannot be directly perceived
through the senses and must be
inferred or imagined.

Definition: Concepts and
categorization help us organize and
make sense of the world around us
and facilitate communication and
problem-solving.

Definition: The mental
efficiency achieved by using
concepts and categorization to
simplify and organize
information.

Definition: Logical deductions
or conclusions based on
available information.

Definition: The exchange of
information between
individuals, facilitated by the use
of language and shared
concepts.

Definition: The tendency to seek
out or interpret information in a
way that confirms one's
preexisting beliefs or
hypotheses.

Term: Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Definition: The process by which
expectations or beliefs about a future
event can influence behavior in a way
that makes the expected outcome
more likely to occur.

Definition: Mental
representations of the most
typical or common features of a
category.

Definition: Mental
representations of specific
examples or instances of a
category.

Definition: Mental shortcuts or
rules of thumb that simplify
decision-making and problem-
solving.

Term: Representativeness
heuristic

Definition: The tendency to
judge the likelihood of an event
based on how well it matches
one's expectations or
prototypes.

estimate the likelihood of an
event based on how easily it
comes to mind.

Definition: : The way in which a
problem or decision is
presented or phrased, which
can influence decision-making.

Definition: A system of
symbols and rules used for
communication.

Term: Linguistic determinism
(Whorfian Hypothesis)

Definition: The idea that the
language we use shapes our
thinking and perception of the
world around us.

Term: How language
influences thinking

Definition: Language can
influence how we perceive and
categorize information, and can
shape our thoughts and beliefs.

Term: Newspeak (from
Orwell’s 1984)

Definition : A fictional language
in George Orwell's novel 1984,
designed to restrict and control
thought and limit freedom of
expression.

Definition: Language that
deliberately obscures or distorts
meaning, often used for political
or propaganda purposes.

Definition: The process by
which individuals learn and
acquire language skills.

Term: Language capacities of
children

Definition: Children are able to
learn language at a very young
age and rapidly acquire the
ability to communicate complex
thoughts and ideas.

Term: Noam Chomsky’s
Inborn Universal Grammar

Definition: The idea that humans
have an innate, biologically-based
capacity for language, and that
certain linguistic structures are
universal across all languages.

Definition: The ability to
learn, reason, and solve
problems.

Term: Alfred Binet &
Theodore Simon

Definition: Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
developed the first standardized intelligence
test in 1905 for the French Ministry of
Education. The test aimed to measure mental
age, or the level of intellectual development
that corresponds to a given age, and to identify
children who needed extra help in school.

Definition: Mental age is a measure of
a person's cognitive development,
expressed in terms of the average age
at which that level of performance is
typically attained. It was first
introduced by Alfred Binet and
Theodore Simon in their intelligence
tests.

Term: Stanford-Binet test
(Lewis Terman)

Definition: The Stanford-Binet test is an
intelligence test that was first developed in
the early 20th century by Lewis Terman at
Stanford University. It is a standardized test
that measures cognitive abilities, such as
language, memory, and problem-solving,
and provides an intelligence quotient (IQ)
score.

Term: IQ = mental
age/chrono age x 100

Definition: IQ, or intelligence quotient,
is a score derived from standardized
tests that measures cognitive abilities
relative to the population. It is
calculated by dividing a person's mental
age by their chronological age and
multiplying by 100. The concept of IQ
was first introduced by William Stern.

Term: Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Definition: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale (WAIS) is a widely used intelligence test
that assesses cognitive abilities in adults. The
test consists of several subtests, each of
which measures different abilities, such as
verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning,
working memory, and processing speed.

Definition: Subtests are individual tests
that make up a larger standardized
test. In intelligence testing, subtests
are used to measure specific cognitive
abilities, such as verbal
comprehension, perceptual reasoning,
working memory, and processing
speed.

Definition: Intelligence is a complex and
multifaceted construct that encompasses a
wide range of cognitive abilities, including
reasoning, problem-solving, perception,
memory, and creativity. There is no
universally accepted definition of
intelligence, and different theories and
approaches offer different perspectives on
what intelligence is and how it can be
measured.

Term: General Intelligence (g)
from Charles Spearman

Definition: General Intelligence (g) is a concept
introduced by Charles Spearman to describe the
overall cognitive ability that underlies a person's
performance on a variety of different cognitive
tasks. According to the theory of general
intelligence, people who perform well on one type
of cognitive task are likely to perform well on
others, indicating a general factor of intelligence
that influences all cognitive abilities.

Term: Seven Primary Mental
Abilities (Louis Thurstone)

Definition: The Seven Primary Mental
Abilities are a theory of intelligence
introduced by Louis Thurstone in the 1930s.
The theory proposes that intelligence is
composed of seven different mental abilities:
verbal comprehension, numerical ability,
spatial ability, perceptual speed, word
fluency, memory, and reasoning.

Term: Structure of Intellect
(J.P. Guilford)

Definition: The Structure of Intellect is a
theory of intelligence introduced by J.P.
Guilford in the 1950s. The theory proposes
that intelligence can be understood in terms
of three dimensions: operations (the mental
processes involved), content (the type of
information processed), and products (the
outcomes of processing).

Term: Raymond Cattell’s
single intelligence

Definition: Raymond Cattell's theory of
intelligence proposed that there is a single
underlying factor of intelligence, known as
general intelligence (g), that influences all
cognitive abilities. Cattell also proposed the
existence of two types of intelligence: fluid
intelligence, which involves problem-solving and
reasoning in novel situations, and crystallized
intelligence, which involves the application of
previously acquired knowledge and skills.

Term: Theory of Multiple
Intelligences (Howard Gardner)

Definition: The Theory of Multiple
Intelligences is a theory of intelligence
introduced by Howard Gardner in the 1980s.
The theory proposes that intelligence is not a
single, unitary construct, but rather consists
of multiple independent intelligences,
including linguistic, logical-mathematical,
spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical,
interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences.

Term: Triarchic Theory of
Successful Intelligences (Robert
Sternberg)

Definition: The Triarchic Theory of Successful
Intelligences is a theory of intelligence introduced
by Robert Sternberg in the 1980s. The theory
proposes that intelligence can be understood in
terms of three components: analytical
intelligence (the ability to solve problems and
reason logically), creative intelligence (the ability
to generate novel ideas and approaches), and
practical intelligence (the ability to adapt to and
shape one's environment).

Term: Social Intelligence
(Cantor & Kihlstrom)

Definition: Social Intelligence is a concept
introduced by Cantor and Kihlstrom to
describe the ability to understand and
navigate social situations. Social
intelligence involves skills such as
empathy, social perception, and the ability
to form and maintain relationships with
others.

Definition: Emotional Intelligence is a
concept introduced by Daniel Goleman
to describe the ability to perceive,
understand, and manage one's own
emotions and the emotions of others.
Emotional intelligence involves skills
such as self-awareness, self-regulation,
empathy, and social skills.

Term: Issues with intelligence
testing

Definition: Intelligence testing has been subject to a
number of criticisms and controversies, including
issues related to cultural bias, the validity and reliability
of tests, and the potential for testing to reinforce
stereotypes and discrimination. Other criticisms
include the use of IQ scores as a measure of overall
intelligence, the lack of attention to non-cognitive
factors that contribute to success and well-being, and
the potential misuse of intelligence testing in
education and employment contexts.

Definition: Personality refers to
a unique pattern of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors that
distinguishes individuals from
one another and remains
relatively stable across time and
situations.

Definition: Personality psychology is
the branch of psychology that focuses
on understanding individual differences
in personality and how personality
develops, functions, and changes over
the lifespan.

Term: Purpose of basic
perspectives of personality
psychology

Definition: The basic perspectives of
personality psychology are different
theoretical frameworks that provide different
ways of understanding and explaining
personality. These perspectives serve to
guide research, shape clinical practice, and
help individuals better understand
themselves and others.

Definition: The psychoanalytic perspective of
personality psychology, developed by
Sigmund Freud, focuses on the role of
unconscious processes and early childhood
experiences in shaping personality. Freud's
theory emphasizes the importance of
unconscious conflicts, defense mechanisms,
and the psychosexual stages of development.

Definition: The humanistic perspective of
personality psychology emphasizes the
positive aspects of human nature, such as self-
awareness, personal growth, and the search
for meaning and fulfillment. Humanistic
theorists, such as Abraham Maslow and Carl
Rogers, emphasized the importance of
subjective experience, personal agency, and
the potential for self-actualization.

Definition: Abraham Maslow
was a humanistic psychologist
who developed the concept of
self-actualization and the
hierarchy of human needs.

Term: Hierarchy of Human
Needs

Definition: The hierarchy of human
needs is a concept introduced by
Abraham Maslow that proposes that
human needs can be organized into a
hierarchical structure, with physiological
needs at the base and self-actualization
needs at the top.

Definition: A self-actualizing
person is someone who has
achieved their full potential and
is living a life that is fulfilling and
meaningful.

Definition: Carl Rogers was a
humanistic psychologist who
developed client-centered
therapy and the concept of
unconditional positive regard.

Term: Client-centered therapy /
Person-centered theory

Definition: Client-centered therapy,
also known as person-centered
therapy, is a humanistic approach to
therapy developed by Carl Rogers
that emphasizes the importance of
empathy, genuineness, and
unconditional positive regard in the
therapeutic relationship.

Term: Unconditional positive
regard

Definition: Unconditional
positive regard is an attitude of
acceptance and non-judgment
toward another person,
regardless of their behavior or
circumstances.

Definition: Self-concept refers to
an individual's beliefs and
attitudes about themselves,
including their self-esteem, self-
image, and self-efficacy.

Term: Fully Functioning
Person

Definition: A fully functioning
person is someone who is self-
aware, self-accepting, and living
in accordance with their true
self.

Term: Pros and Cons of
Humanistic perspective

Definition: The humanistic perspective of
personality psychology is known for its emphasis
on personal growth, self-actualization, and the
subjective experience of individuals. However,
critics have argued that it can be overly
optimistic and subjective, and that it may not
adequately address issues of social inequality
and the role of environmental factors in shaping
personality.

Term: The Great Rogers-
Skinner Debates

Definition: The Great Rogers-
Skinner Debates were a series of
debates between Carl Rogers
and B.F. Skinner in the 1960s
and 1970s about the nature of
human nature and the best
approaches to psychological
therapy.

Term: Arguments of the
debaters

Definition: Carl Rogers argued for a
humanistic approach to therapy that
emphasized empathy, self-
acceptance, and the importance of
the therapeutic relationship. B.F.
Skinner argued for a behaviorist
approach that emphasized the role
of reinforcement and punishment in
shaping behavior and personality.

Definition: The Great Rogers-
Skinner debates were held in
1960 to discuss and debate the
differences between the
humanistic perspective and the
behavioral perspective on
psychology.

Definition: Albert Bandura is a
psychologist who developed the
social-cognitive theory and
conducted the famous "Bobo
Doll Study" to explore the
effects of observational learning
on behavior.

Definition: Observational
learning is a type of learning
that occurs through observing
and imitating the behavior of
others.

Definition: The "Bobo Doll
Study" was conducted by Albert
Bandura and colleagues in 1961
to study the effects of
observational learning on
aggression in children.

Definition: Reciprocal
determinism is a concept from
the social-cognitive perspective
that refers to the dynamic
interplay between cognitive,
environmental, and behavioral
factors in shaping personality
and behavior.

Definition: Cognitive factors
refer to the mental processes
involved in thinking, perception,
memory, and problem-solving.

Definition: Environmental
factors refer to the physical and
social surroundings that
influence behavior and
personality.

Definition: Behavioral factors
refer to the actions and
responses that individuals
exhibit in response to their
environment.

Definition: Self-esteem is an
individual's subjective
evaluation of their own worth
and value as a person.

Definition: Self-efficacy refers to
an individual's belief in their
own ability to successfully
complete tasks and achieve
goals.

Definition: Julian Rotter is a
psychologist known for his
research on social learning
theory, locus of control, and the
effects of psychological stress.

Term: Locus of Control
(internal vs. external)

Definition: Locus of control refers to an
individual's belief about the degree to which
they have control over their own life and
experiences. Internal locus of control refers to
the belief that one's actions and decisions
determine their outcomes, while external
locus of control refers to the belief that
outside forces, such as luck or fate, determine
one's outcomes.

Definition: Learned
helplessness is a psychological
phenomenon where an
individual learns to believe that
they have no control over their
situation, even when they do,
leading to passivity and a lack of
motivation.

Term: Pros and Cons of the
Social-Cognitive perspective

Definition: Pros of the social-cognitive
perspective include its emphasis on the
interaction between cognitive,
environmental, and behavioral factors in
shaping personality and behavior, while cons
include criticisms of its narrow focus on
observable behavior and its neglect of the
role of biology and genetics in personality.

Definition: The trait perspective
is a psychological theory that
emphasizes the identification
and measurement of consistent
patterns of behavior and
personality traits.

Definition: Traits are consistent
patterns of behavior, thought,
and emotion that distinguish
one individual from another.

Term: Gordon Allport (lexical
approach - 18,000 different
traits)

Definition: Gordon Allport is a
psychologist known for his
lexical approach to studying
personality, which involved
identifying and categorizing
more than 18,000 different
traits based on language usage.

Definition: Raymond Cattell is a
psychologist known for his work
on personality assessment and
his development of the 16
Personality Factor (16-PF)
measure.

Definition: A personality test
created by Raymond Cattell,
which assesses 16 personality
dimensions, including
intelligence, emotional
expression, and socialization.

Definition : A psychologist who
proposed a two-factor model of
personality, with extraversion-
introversion and emotional
stability-neuroticism as the
major dimensions.

Term: Eysenck’s model (2
factors)

Definition: A model of
personality that emphasizes two
primary dimensions:
extraversion-introversion and
emotional stability-neuroticism.

Definition: A personality trait
characterized by outgoingness,
sociability, and assertiveness.

Term: Neuroticism
(emotional stability)

characterized by anxiety,
moodiness, and emotional
instability.

characterized by aggressive,
impulsive, and antisocial
behavior, added as a third
dimension in Eysenck's model.

Term: MMPI (Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality
Inventory)

Definition: A personality test
used to diagnose psychiatric
disorders, consisting of true-
false questions that assess
various aspects of personality,
including abnormal behavior.

Term: Five Factor Theory of
Personality (or the Big 5) – Costa
& McCrae

Definition: A model of
personality that emphasizes five
major dimensions of
personality: openness to
experience, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness,
and neuroticism.

characterized by imagination,
creativity, and a willingness to
try new things.

characterized by diligence,
responsibility, and reliability.

characterized by warmth,
empathy, and cooperation.

Term: Pros and Cons of trait
theory

Definition: Pros include that it
provides a common language to
describe personality and can
predict behavior. Cons include
that it may not account for the
complexity of human behavior
and can lead to
oversimplification.

Term: Social Psychology
defined

Definition: The scientific study
of how individuals think, feel,
and behave in social contexts.

Definition: Factors that
influence individual behavior
and attitudes, including cultural
norms, social roles, and
socialization.

Term: Social Proof (or social
validation or social comparison)

conform to the behaviors or
beliefs of others in order to fit in
or be perceived as correct or
desirable.

Term: Consistency to a
commitment

remain consistent with
commitments or promises made
in order to maintain a positive
self-image

Definition: The expectation that
people will return favors or
kindnesses received from
others, leading to a cycle of
positive social exchange.

Definition: The tendency for the
presence of others to improve
or enhance an individual's
performance on a task,
particularly on simple or well-
learned tasks.

Term: First experiment in social
psychology (Norman Triplett,
1898)

Definition: A study
demonstrating the impact of
competition on performance,
which served as the basis for
the field of social psychology.

individuals to perform better in
familiar or comfortable settings,
particularly in the presence of
supportive peers or fans.

individuals to exert less effort on
a task when working in a group
than when working alone.

Definition: The loss of self-
awareness and individual
identity that can occur when
individuals are part of a group
or crowd, leading to impulsive
or deviant behavior.

Term: Kurt Lewin –
interactionist approach

Definition: The belief that
individual behavior is influenced
by both personal and
environmental factors, and that
individuals actively shape and
are shaped by their social
environment.

Term: Attribution theory
(Fritz Heider, 1958)

Definition: A theory explaining
how individuals assign causes to
behavior, including the tendency
to attribute behavior to internal
or external factors.

Term: Fundamental Attribution
Error (Ned Jones, Lee Ross)

overemphasize internal or
dispositional factors when
explaining others' behavior,
while underemphasizing
external or situational factors.

Definition: Evaluative
judgments or beliefs about
people, objects, or events,
which can influence behavior
and guide decision-making.

Term: Foot-In-The-Door
Phenomenon

individuals to comply with a
large request after first
complying with a smaller, more
manageable request.

Term: Cognitive Dissonance
(Leon Festinger)

Definition: The discomfort or
psychological stress that arises
from holding conflicting beliefs
or behaviors, leading individuals
to change their attitudes or
beliefs to resolve the
inconsistency

Term: Role Playing and
attitude change

Definition: The impact of taking
on a particular social role or
identity on an individual's
attitudes and beliefs, which can
shift in response to the role
being played.

Term: Stanford Prison Study
(Philip Zimbardo, 1971)

Definition: An experiment
investigating the impact of
social roles on behavior, which
demonstrated the powerful
influence of situational factors
on individual behavior.

adjust one's behavior or
attitudes to match those of a
group or society, in order to fit
in or be accepted.

Term: sch’s conformity
experiments (standard line vs.
comparison lines)

Definition: A series of
experiments demonstrating the
impact of group pressure on
individual behavior, in which
participants were asked to
match the length of a line to a
series of comparison lines.

Term: Normative social
influence

Definition: A type of social
influence that occurs when
individuals conform to the
norms and expectations of a
group to gain social acceptance
or avoid rejection.

Term: Informational social
influence

influence that occurs when
individuals look to others for
information about how to
behave in a particular situation.

influence where individuals
comply with the commands or
orders of an authority figure,
even if it goes against their
personal beliefs or values.

Definition: Obedience refers to
following the orders or
commands of someone in
authority, even if it goes against
one's own moral or ethical
beliefs.

Term: Stanley Milgram’s
experiments, 1963

Definition: A series of social
psychology experiments
conducted by Stanley Milgram
in 1963 to study obedience to
authority.

Definition: In Milgram's
experiments, the "teacher" was
the participant who was
instructed to deliver electric
shocks to the "learner" in
response to incorrect answers
to a memory task.

Definition: The electric shock
generators used in Milgram's
experiments to deliver
simulated electric shocks to the
"learner" in response to
incorrect answers.

Definition: In Milgram's
experiments, the voltage of the
electric shocks increased in 15-
volt increments from 15 volts to
450 volts.

Definition: Milgram's
experiments had a significant
impact on the field of social
psychology, highlighting the
power of situational factors in
shaping human behavior.

Term: Ethical concerns of this
study

Definition: Milgram's
experiments raised ethical
concerns due to the
psychological harm that
participants may have
experienced as a result of being
exposed to extreme stress and
deception.

Term: Bystander Effect (The
Lecture that Can SAVE YOUR
LIFE!)

Definition: The phenomenon
where individuals are less likely
to offer help in an emergency
situation when other people are
present because of a diffusion
of responsibility.

Term: Kitty Genovese story
(Why didn’t she get help?)

Definition: The story of Kitty
Genovese, a woman who was
murdered in 1964 while
bystanders allegedly did nothing
to help her, highlighting the
bystander effect.

where individuals use other
people's reactions to determine
how to act in ambiguous
situations, leading to a
misperception of what is the
norm.

Term: Using other’s cues when
defining an incident as an
emergency

Definition: Individuals may use
other people's reactions to
determine whether an incident
is an emergency, leading to
pluralistic ignorance.

Term: Diffusion of
Responsibility

where individuals are less likely
to take responsibility for their
actions in a group because they
feel less accountable.

Term: What to do if you are in
need of help (how can you save
your life?)

Definition: In an emergency
situation, individuals can
increase their chances of
receiving help by making direct
requests for assistance,
addressing specific individuals,
and creating a sense of urgency.

Term: Central Nervous
System (CNS)

Definition: The part of the
nervous system that includes
the brain and spinal cord,
responsible for processing and
coordinating sensory and motor
information.

Term: Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)

Definition: The part of the
nervous system that connects
the CNS to the rest of the body,
responsible for transmitting
sensory and motor information.

Definition: A specialized cell in
the nervous system that is
responsible for transmitting
information.

Definition: Neurons that
transmit information from
sensory receptors to the CNS.

transmit information from the
CNS to muscles and glands.

facilitate communication
between sensory and motor
neurons.

Definition: Non-neuronal cells in
the nervous system that provide
support and insulation to
neurons.

Definition: The structure of a
neuron, including the cell body,
dendrites, axon, myelin sheath,
nodes of Ranvier, and terminal
buttons.

Definition: The main part of the
neuron that contains the
nucleus and other organelles.

Definition: Branch-like
extensions of the neuron that
receive information from other
neurons or sensory receptors.

Definition: A long, slender
extension of the neuron that
transmits information away
from the cell body.

Definition: A fatty layer that
surrounds some axons,
providing insulation and
increasing the speed of neural
communication.

Definition: Gaps in the myelin
sheath that facilitate the
conduction of action potentials.

Definition: Small structures at
the end of the axon that release
neurotransmitters into the
synapse.

Definition: A brief electrical
signal that travels down the
axon of a neuron, resulting in
the release of neurotransmitters
at the terminal buttons.

Definition: The minimum level
of stimulation required to
initiate an action potential in a
neuron.

Definition: A brief period of
time following an action
potential during which the
neuron is unable to fire again.

Definition: The principle that an
action potential either occurs at
full strength or not at all.

Definition: The principle that the
intensity of a stimulus is
encoded by the rate of firing of
action potentials in a neuron.

Definition: The process by
which neurotransmitters are
released into the synapse and
bind to receptor sites on
postsynaptic neurons.

Definition: The junction
between two neurons where
neurotransmitters are released
and received.

Term: Receptor sites (lock
and key system)

Definition: Specific locations on
the postsynaptic neuron where
neurotransmitters bind in a lock
and key system.

Definition: Chemical messengers
that transmit signals between
neurons or from neurons to
muscles or glands.

Term: Diffusion, Degradation
& Reuptake

Definition: Three processes
involved in the removal of
neurotransmitters from the
synapse.

Term: Ach, Serotonin, Dopamine,
Norepinephrine, GABA, &
Endorphins

Definition: Examples of
neurotransmitters and their
functions in the nervous system.

Definition: The complete
map of neural connections in
the brain.

Term: Organization of the
brain

Definition: The different
structures and regions of the
brain and their functions.

Definition: A region of the brain
that processes sensory
information from different parts
of the body.

Definition: The two halves of the
brain that are connected by the
corpus callosum and are
responsible for different
functions in the body.

Definition: A thick band of nerve
fibers that connects the two
hemispheres of the brain,
allowing communication
between them.

Definition: A technique used to
study the functions of the two
hemispheres of the brain by
cutting the corpus callosum and
observing how each hemisphere
responds independently.

Term: Brain – the central core

Definition: The central core of
the brain, which includes the
brainstem, thalamus, and
hypothalamus, and is
responsible for regulating basic
bodily functions.

Definition: The lowest part of
the brainstem, which controls
vital functions such as
breathing, heart rate, and blood
pressure.

located at the back of the skull
that is responsible for
coordinating movement,
posture, and balance.

Definition: A structure in the
brain that acts as a relay center
for sensory information,
processing and directing it to
the appropriate areas of the
cerebral cortex.

that controls basic functions
such as hunger, thirst, body
temperature, and sleep, as well
as the release of hormones
from the pituitary gland.

Definition: A network of nerve
fibers in the brainstem that
regulates sleep, arousal, and
attention.

Definition: A complex set of
brain structures, including the
hippocampus, amygdala, and
hypothalamus, that are involved
in emotion, motivation, and
memory.

involved in the formation and
retrieval of long-term
memories.

Definition: A small almond-
shaped structure in the brain
that is involved in the processing
of emotions, especially fear.

Definition: The largest part of
the brain, which is divided into
two hemispheres and
responsible for conscious
thought, perception, and
voluntary movement.

Definition: The outer layer of
the cerebrum, which is
responsible for processing
sensory information and
controlling movement and
higher cognitive functions.

Term: Sulcus, Gyrus, &
Fissures

Definition: Sulci are the grooves
or furrows in the brain, gyri are
the ridges between the sulci,
and fissures are the deeper
grooves that divide the brain
into lobes.

Definition: The four main
divisions of the cerebral cortex,
including the frontal, parietal,
occipital, and temporal lobes,
each responsible for different
functions.

Definition: The lobe of the
cerebral cortex responsible for
planning, reasoning, and
controlling movement.

processing sensory information
from the body and spatial
awareness.

processing visual information.

processing auditory information
and memory.

Term: The Story of Phineas
Gage

Definition: A case study of a
railroad worker who survived a
traumatic brain injury that
damaged his frontal lobe,
resulting in significant changes
to his personality and behavior.

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