2. Unit 1 Assignment 1 and 2 Skeletal and Muscular System Daniel Hick-9162 Mr. James
P3 and P4
Types ofmuscular fibers
Type one (slowtwitch) Type one muscularfibrescontractslowlywithless
force.Theyare slow tofatigue andare suitedto
aerobicactivities theyhave arichbloodsupply
and containmitochondriatosustainaerobic
metabolism.Type one fibreshave ahighaerobic
capacityfor aerobicrespiration.Type one fibres
are bestsuitedforlow intensityenduranceevents
like swimmingandcrosscountry running
Type 2a (Fast twitch or fast oxidative fibers) Type 2a are fastcontractingfibresandcan
produce greatforce butalsoresistantto fatigue.
Bestsuitedformiddle distance events
Type 2b (fast twitch or fast glycolyticfibers) Contract rapidly andhave the capacityto produce
large amountsof force butfatigue quite easily
meaningthattheyare ideal foranaerobicactivity
for example sprinting.
3. Unit 1 Assignment 1 and 2 Skeletal and Muscular System Daniel Hick-9162 Mr. James
Types ofMuscles Definition
Skeletal Muscle
Alsoknownasthe stripedmuscle becauseof its
stripedappearance underthe microscope.This
type of muscle isvoluntarywhichmeansitsunder
consciouscontrol
Smooth muscle Smoothmuscle whichgenerallyformsthe
supportingtissue toyourdigestive system
Cardiac muscle Foundonlyonyour heartit workscontinuously.It
worksinvoluntarywhichmeansit’snotin
consciouscontrol.Itis a specialisttype of striated
tissue thathas itsownbloodsupply.Its
contractionshelptoforce bloodthrough all your
bloodvesselstoall partsof your body.
Muscles Function
Bicep The bicepflexesthe lowerarmmovingitupand
downand rotatesitoutward
Triceps The tricepsextendsthe lowerarm
Deltoids The Deltoidabducts,flexes,andextendsupper
arm.
PectoralisMajor The Pectoralismajorflexesandadductsthe
upperarm
Rectus Abdominis The rectus abdominisprovidesflexionand
rotationof the lumbarregioninthe vertebrae
column
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris-Helpsextendthe knee andflex
thigh
Vastus lateralis-Extendslowerleg
Vastus medalis-Extendslegatknee andHelps
stabilize the patella
Vastus intermedius-ExtendsKnee
Hamstrings Semimembranosus-Enableslegtoflex androtate
and thighextender
Semitendinosus- internal Hiprotationwhen
knee flexed,Knee flexion,Hipextension
Bicepsfemoris- Hip extension,knee flexion
lateral rotationof hipwhenknee flexed
Gastrocnemius Plantarflexionandflexesknee
Soleus Plantarflexion
Tibialisanterior Dorsiflexionof foot
Erector spinae Extensionof the spin,Lateral flexionof the spine,
Maintainscorrect curvature of the spine
4. Unit 1 Assignment 1 and 2 Skeletal and Muscular System Daniel Hick-9162 Mr. James
TeresMajor Rotatesand abductshumorous
Trapezius Elevatesandretractsthe scapula andupward
rotationof the scapula
LatissimusDorsi Extendsandadductslowerarm
Oblique’s Lateral extensionof the trunk
Gluteusmaximus Extendsthigh
Types ofcontraction Definition
Isometric Muscular contractionwithnomovementfromthe
muscle
Concentric Causesmuscle toshortenwhenitcontracts
eccentric Causesmuscle toextendwhenitcontractsv
Isokinetic Causesmuscle tocontract but produces
movementsof same speed.
Antagonisticpairs Definition
Agonist Muscle whichshortenstomove a joint Thisis the
muscle Responsibleforthe movementtaking
place.
Antagonist The muscle that relaxesinoppositiontothe
agonist.ThisMuscle isresponsibleforthe opposite
movementandrelaxeswhenagonistworks.
fixator These musclesstopanyunwanted movement
throughthe whole bodybyfixingorstabilisingthe
jointsinvolved.
Synergist Synergistsworktogethertoenable the agoniststo
operate more effectively.
5. Unit 1 Assignment 1 and 2 Skeletal and Muscular System Daniel Hick-9162 Mr. James
M1
The muscularsystemisresponsibleforanymovementinyourbody.Around700 Musclesare attached
to yourskeletonandtheymake uphalf of a humansbodyweight.EachMuscle is made upof skeletal
muscle tissue,bloodvessels,tendonsandnerves.Musculartissue isalsofoundinthe heart,digestive
organs andbloodvessels.
Every muscle contractsand these can eitherbe isometricorisotonicIsometriccontractsare where a
muscle contractswithno resultingmovementfor examplewhenyoudothe plank - an isotonic
contraction.
Type one Muscular Fibresare muscularfibreswhichcontractmuch slowlywithlessforce thismeans
theytake longerto fatigue makingthemagoodmuscle type forendurance events.The musclesare full
of oxygenandhave a veryhighsupplyof bloodandmitochondriawhichsustainsaerobicmetabolism.
Where the muscleshave agood aerobiccapacitythismeansthat theyare good for aerobicrespiration.
The amount of Mitochondriaandmyoglobininthe muscle givesthe musclearedcolouran example of
where youcan findthese fibresisinthe postural musclesinthe neck.Type one fibresare goodfor
anybodydoingendurance eventssuchastriathlonsorMarathons as theyneedthe constantenergy
fromthe musclestocarry on withoutgettingfatiguedanexampleof an athlete withthese fibresare
marathonrunnerPaulaRadcliffe.
Type 2a muscularfibresare fastcontractingand can produce great force withgreatresistance to
fatigue.Theycontainhighamountsof myoglobinwhichisatype of proteinwhichhasoxygenboundto
it,whichprovidesmore oxygensoyoucanexercise forlongerwithoutfatigue theyalsocontainvery
manymitochondriawhichiswhattakesinthe nutrientsandthenbreaksthemdowncreatingenergyfor
the cell.Andlarge amountsof bloodcapillaries.The mitochondriaandMyoglobingivesthismuscle ared
colourthistype of muscularfibresmakesthemsuitedformediumdistance eventslike400 metre
hurdlesandexample of someone withthese typesof fibreswouldbe Dai Green.
Type 2b muscularfibrescontractrapidlyandcan produce large amountsof force but theyare subjectto
quickfatigue.Anexampleof where thesefibresare foundare inthe arms They have low amountsof
myoglobinandlowamountsof mitochondriafew bloodcapillariesbutcontainahighamountof
glycogen..The lowlevelsof mitochondriaandMyoglobininthe muscle giveitawhite colourthisalso
meansthat theyare mainlysuitedforshortdistance highimpacteventssuchas100m sprintan example
of someone withthesetype fibreswouldbe UsainBolt.
Antagonisticpairsare twomusclesthatworktogethertocreate movement.TheyworkbyPullingand
contracting.Theydo notpush buttheycan contract withoutshorteningandthiscausesjointstohold
firmina fixedposition.When the contractionfinishesthe musclesbecomesoftbutdonot extenduntil
stretchedbythe opposingmuscles.Anexample of anAntagonisticPairwouldbe the bicepandthe
tricepsas the contracts the bicepwouldbe relaxedandthe otherwayroundif the bicepContracts.
6. Unit 1 Assignment 1 and 2 Skeletal and Muscular System Daniel Hick-9162 Mr. James
Fixatorsare musclesthatstopany unwantedmovementthroughoutthe bodybyfixingthe joints.The
fixators
Isokineticcontractions are contractionswhichtake place when amuscle changeslengththese Muscular
contractionsdifferfromothersastheyproduce movementsof constantspeed.
Isometriccontractionsare Contractionswhichtake place whenthe contractingmuscle doesn’tchange
length.Thiscouldoccur whenholdingsomethinginfrontof you.Asthe objectsweightispullingyour
arms down but yourmuscleshave contractedtoholdthe objectat the same level.
ConcentricContractionsare contractionswhichcausesamuscle to getshorteras it contracts.An
example of aconcentriccontractionwouldbe whenyoubendyourelbow thiscausesyourBicepto
contract.
Eccentric contractionsare the opposite toConcentricasa muscle LengthenswhenContractingan
example of thiswouldbe whenyouKickafootball the Quadricepmusclecontractsconcentrically to
straightenthe knee andthe HamstringsContracteccentrically. Agonistsare the muscle whichshortens
to move a joint.The muscle isprimarilyresponsibleforthe movementthisisthe contractingmuscle.
Antagonistsare the muscle whichwouldrelax inoppositiontothe agonist.Thisisthe Muscle
responsible oropposite movement. If the muscle didn’trelax movementwouldnottake place.Synergist
ismusclesthatwork togethertoenable the agoniststooperate.Theyworkin cohesionwiththe
agoniststocontrol movementbychangingthe directiononthe agonists.Fixatorsstopanyunwanted
movementbylockingjointsinplace.
D1
Type 1 Fibresare suitedtoEndurance athletes.Thiswouldbe shownif moFarahwasto go on to race
Usain boltover1000 metres.Mo Farahwouldwineasilybecause he hasmore type 1 fibresthanUsain
boltwouldhave.AlthoughUsaininitiallywouldbe quickerandwouldprobablycomplete 400mquicker
than Farah he wouldFatigue rapidlyduringthe next400m as he triesto keepuphispace andobviously
the continuing23 lapsMo Farah wouldlapUsainon numerousoccasionsasUsainis gettingslowerand
sloweruntil eventual he will stopdue toextreme fatigue.ThiswouldallowMoFarah to easilyovertake
Usain due to the SlowContractingfibreswhichcancarry more MitochondriaandMyoglobinwhichboth
produce oxygen.
HoweverUsainboltwouldhave abettertime facingDai Greene ina 800m race as Usainbolthas a
shorterdistance torun He can run the 400m easilyandcomplete the secondlapinanoktime But Dai
7. Unit 1 Assignment 1 and 2 Skeletal and Muscular System Daniel Hick-9162 Mr. James
greenWouldwincomfortablyasthatis hiscompetitionthisisbecause Dai hasType 2a Muscular fibres
Thismeansthat he is fairlyresistanttoFatigue thisalsomeanshe wouldnotbe able toRace moFarah
Competitivelyashe doesn’thave Type one muscle fibres whichMoFarah has as he wouldtire Before
the endwhenMo can Breakaway Fromhim.
Usain boltWouldBe most comfortable inthe 100m in whichhe wouldbeatbothDai Greene and Mo
Farah as Usain hasType 2b muscularfibres.ThismeansthattheyContractrapidlywhichgiveshimgreat
poweroverthe 100m, theyare alsowhite inappearance whichisdue tothe lack of mitochondriaand
MyoglobinsomethingwhichMoand Dai have in abundance intheirmuscles.Dai andMo wouldtake
time to Getup to top speedbutbythenUsain wouldbe 20m in front.
An example of MoFarah Doinga 100m is whenhe tookpart in a Uk TV show calledOlympicsuperstars
inwhichhe wasracing againstthe Brownlee bother AnthonyJoshuaandothersHe recordeda time of
12.98 whichisslowcomparedtoUsain’sworldrecord time of 9.58. Althoughthiswasa TV show it
provesa pointthat Usainwouldhave noproblemracingMo Farah at 100m. AnthonyJoshuawasalso
racing inthat eventandhe recordeda time of 11.59 and he doesn’teventcompete inrunningevents.
Whenbothrunnersare running theirMusclesare reactingto the changesof movementforexample
whenboltisrunninghe moveshisLegs.The muscleshe useswhendoing thisare the Quadriceps,the
Hamstrings,Gastrocnemiusandthe GluteusMaximus.The Quadricepsandthe Hamstringswork
togetherasan antagonisticpair.
The typesof contractionVarywhenrunningforexample the Bendingof the knee usingyourHamstrings
and hipflexors.WhenyoustraightenyourLegto pushitof the groundyour Hamstringsandyour gluteus
Maximusand the quadricepsare all involvedinaconcentricContraction.
Eccentric contractionsare more likelytohappenif youare a cross country runnermainly whenrunning
downhill aswhenyouare runningdownaslope yourquadricepswouldContractseccentricallyasthey
bendyourknee to preventyourknee movingtoofast.
8. Unit 1 Assignment 1 and 2 Skeletal and Muscular System Daniel Hick-9162 Mr. James
Reference page
InformationfromBteclevel 3SportBook 2 by Edexcel
Additional informationfrom www.teachpe.com
http://www.livestrong.com/article/484796-types-of-muscle-contraction-during-running/
http://www.livestrong.com/article/534997-the-most-important-sprinting-muscles/
