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 Transaction Failure :
› Logical errors
› System errors
 System Crash
 Disk Failure
 Volatile Storage
 Non-Volatile Storage
 Stable Storage
X
Y
A
B
x1
y1
buffer
Buffer Block A
Buffer Block B
input(A)
output(B)
read(X)
write(Y)
disk
work area
of T1
work area
of T2
memory
x2
 Shadow Paging
 Log-based Recovery
Log records are written directly to stable storage.
Log Types:
 <Ti start>
 <Ti, X, V>
 <Ti, X, V1, V2>
 <Ti commit>
 <Ti abort>
 Transactions T0 and T1 (T0 executes before T1):
T0: read (A) T1 : read (C)
A: - A - 50 C:-C- 100
write (A) write (C)
read (B)
B:- B + 50
write (B)
 Below we show the log as it appears at three instances
of time.
 Transactions T0 and T1 (T0 executes before T1):
T0: read (A) T1 : read (C)
A: - A - 50 C:-C- 100
write (A) write (C)
read (B)
B:- B + 50
write (B)
 Below we show the log as it appears at three instances
of time.
Database Recovery

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Database Recovery