This document discusses bipolar disorder, a condition characterized by episodes of depression and mania that can last from days to months. While its exact causes are unknown, genetics, environment, and changes in brain structure and chemistry may all play a role. Bipolar disorder lasts for years or a lifetime and requires medical diagnosis and treatment, though it cannot be cured. It affects gray matter in areas of the brain involved in movement, memory, and emotions.

1. Neurobiology
This is a disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.
This disorders cause is not exactly known, but a combination of genetics, environment and altered brain
structure and chemistry may play a role. This disorder can last for years or be lifelong and requires a
medical diagnosis. treatment can help but this condition can’t be cured. manic episodes may include
symptoms such as high energy, reduced needs for sleep and loss of touch with reality. Depressive
episodes may include symptoms such as low energy, low motivation and loss of interest in daily
activities. Mood episodes last days to months at a time and may also be associated with suicidal
thought. This disorder affects the thinner cortical gray matter in the frontal, temporal and parietal
regions of both brain hemisphere and also the hippocampus. The gray matter through the central
nervous system allows and enables individuals to control movement, memory and emotions. If this
function is therefore damaged the cells will begin to die, leading to possible irreversible brain damage
and loss of function. The hippocampus therefore has a major role in learning and memory.