The document discusses various types of environmental pollution. It provides details about air, water, soil, noise, thermal, marine, radioactive and pesticide pollution. For each type of pollution, it defines the topic, lists sources and causes, and describes potential ill-effects. Key information covered includes primary and secondary air pollutants, water pollutants and their classification, causes of soil, noise, thermal and marine pollution, and sources and impacts of radioactive and pesticide pollution.
12. Role of Earth’s Atmosphere
1. Protects Earths Biosphere from Electromagnetic
Radiations
2. Absorbs Infra Red Radiations and maintainTemperature
on earth’s surface
3. Maintains balance in the bio-chemical cycles (Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrological)
13.
14.
15. Role of Earth’sAtmosphere
1. Protects Earths Biosphere from Electromagnetic
Radiations
2. Absorbs Infra Red Radiations and maintainTemperature
on earth’s surface
3. Maintains balance in the bio-chemical cycles (Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrological)
17. Metrology and Air Pollution
Primary Metrological Parameter
Wind Direction and Speed
Temperature
Atmospheric Stability
Mixing Height
Secondary Metrological Parameters
Precipitation (Rain)
Humidity
Solar Radiation
Visibility
18. Air Pollutants
These are compounds causing Air Pollution
They are Classified as:
PrimaryAir Pollutants
Secondary Air Pollutants
19. Primary Air Pollutants
✓ Oxides of Carbon
✓ Oxides of Nitrogen
✓ Oxides of Sulphur
✓ Volatile Organic Compounds
✓ Hydrocarbons
✓ Particulate Matter
✓ Radioactive Pollutants
20. Oxides of Carbon – Carbon Monoxide
Sources Ill-Effects
Incomplete combustion of
materials containing
carbon
Automobile Exhausts
Oxidation of Methane by
anaerobic Decomposition
SmallAmount –Volcanic
Eruption, Forest Fires
Formation of Carboxyl
Haemoglobin
Impairment of Central
nervous system
Changes in cardiac and
pulmonary functions
Drowsiness, respiratory
failure, coma, fatality
21. Oxides of Carbon – Carbon Dioxide
Sources Ill-Effects
318pppm conc. In clean air
Burning of Fossil Fuels
Complete combustion of
materials containing
carbon
No Direct Health Effects
Conc. more the 10%
activates Green House
Effect (56% of Green
House Gases)
One of the air pollutant
causingAcid Rain
22. Oxides of Nitrogen
Sources Ill-Effects
Nitrogen Oxides at normal temperature are harmless but
at high temperature combines with oxygen to produce
nitric oxide
Automobile Exhaust
(Diesel Engines)
Electrical Power Plants
Marine Steamers
High Conc.– Lung Cancer and
cause suffocation
Low Conc. – Pneumonia,
Swelling and Irritation to Skin
MajorAir Pollutant forAcid
Rain
6% contributing Green House
Gas
23. Oxides of Sulphur
Sources Ill-Effects
Burning of fuels
Volcanic Eruptions (35%
to 65%)
Industrial Boilers and
Metal Smelter
Burning of Domestic
Coal
Forest Fires
High Conc. – Reduced
Lung Functioning
Low Conc. – Irritation to
mucous membrane of
Eyes, Nose andThroat
Major Air Pollutant for
Acid Rain
Amongst the oxides of Sulphur, Sulphur Dioxides is the
dominant Air pollutant and found in traceable concentrations
and has Pungent and unpleasant odour
24. Volatile Organic Compound
VOC are categorized as :
Methane (MVOCs)
Non Methane (NMVOCs)
Benzene
Toulene
25. VOC - Methane
Sources Ill-Effects
Natural CleanAir
Natural gas system and
Manure management
Landfills
Coal Mining
WastewaterTreatment
Composting
Odour Nuisance
Green House
(contributing 18%)
Contributes 1.3ppmv of Natural Clean Air
26. Its a organic compound composed of 6 carbon atom in a ring
with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom
VOC - Benzene
Sources Ill-Effects
Industries (Rubber,
chemical, tannery,
petroleum)
Volcanoes, Forest Fires
and crude Oil
Evaporation
Emission from glues,
adhesives
Odour Nuisance
Green House
(contributing 18%)
27. Its a organic compound with sweet odour with composition
(C7H8, C6H5, CH3)
VOC -Toulene
Sources Ill-Effects
Emission from Paint
Thinner,Adhesives
Emission from
evaporation of Gasoline,
Kerosene
High Conc. – Light-
headness, Dizziness,
Sleepiness, unconsciousness
and even fatality
Low Conc. –Tiredness,
Confusion, Memory Loss,
Nauseas, Loss of hearing and
colour vision
28. Its a organic compound entirely consisting of Hydrogen and
CarbonAtoms
Hydrocarbons
Sources Ill-Effects
Automobile Emissions
Emission of Isoprene
from trees like
eucalyptus, spruce, oak
High Conc. (500-
1000ppmv) are carcinogenic
to lungs
Low Conc. – Irritation to
mucous membrane of eyes
and nose, leading to
respiratory disorder
Plants leaves turning
Yellowish
29. It is fine particles or tiny particles of solid or liquid
suspended in a gas
Particulate Matter
Sources Ill-Effects
Volcanoes, Dust-storms,
forest fires, Sea Sprays
Burning of Fossil Fuels
High Conc. – Respiratory
disorder,Altered lung
function and may lead lung
cancer
Low Conc. – visibility
reduction
Primary Pollutant for
Photochemical Smog
30. Radioactive Pollutants
Sources Ill-Effects
Nuclear Power Plants
Mining and Refining of
Plutonium,Thorium,
Uranium
NuclearWeapons
(Production and Explosion)
Transportation of Radioactive
Materials
Disposal of RadioactiveWaste
Preparation of Radioactive
Isotopes
Nuclear Fallout
32. Ground Level Ozone
Formed by Photochemical Reaction between Oxides of
Nitrogen,Volatile organic Compound and Carbon
monoxide.
Presence of
Sunlight
33. Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN)
Formed by Photochemical Reaction between
Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxides and Oxygen.
Hydrocarbons + NOx + O2
Presence of
Sunlight
PAN
34. Photochemical Smog
Formed by Photochemical Reaction between
Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxides and oxygen.
Hydrocarbons + NOx + O2
Presence of
Sunlight,Smog
Photochemical
Smog
35. Acid Mist
Mist containing a high concentration of acid particles of any
toxic chemicals such as CarbonTetrachlorideand Silicon
Tetrachloride.
Mist + SOx, NOx, Cox + H2O Acid Mist
36. Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons (CFC’s)
It is a organic compound of Carbon, Chlorine and
Fluorine produced as a volatile derivation of methane
and ethane
37. Formaldehyde
It is a organic compound of with formula CH2O.
It is simplest Aldehyde and its systematic name is
Methanol
38. Persistent Organic Pollutants
These are organic compounds that are resistant to
environmental degradation through biological and
photolytic processes
39. Zoning for Control of Air Pollution
▪ Definition
▪ Zoning on basis of:
▪ Functional Requirements
▪ Performance Requirements
▪ Industrial Zoning basis:
▪ Bangalore City:
▪ Light
▪ Medium
▪ Large
▪ Mumbai City:
▪ Small Repairing and Light Manufacturing Units
▪ Service Industrial Zone
▪ Special Industrial Zone
▪ General Industrial Zone
40. Control of Air Pollution
NAMP - Central Pollution Control Board is executing a
nation-wide programme of ambient air quality monitoring
known as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme
(NAMP).
Monitoring of fourAir Pollutants
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),
Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2,
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM /
PM10)
42. Definition ofWater Pollution
Water Masses on Earth
Lakes
Rivers
Oceans
Ground Water
Water Pollutants Sources can be,
Direct Sources
Indirect Sources
Types ofWater Pollutants
OrganicWater Pollutants
InorganicWater Pollutants
Water Cycle
Relation ofWater Cycle and Pollution
Water Pollution
45. Classification ofWater Pollution
Based on Sources and Storage ofWater
GroundWater Pollution
Factors on which GWP depends are:
Rain Pattern
Depth ofWaterTable
Distance from the source of contaminants
Soil Properties such as texture , structure and filtration rate
SurfaceWater Pollution
Factors on which SWP depends are:
Hydrological Characteristics of diluting biocides and extent of self
purifications
Vegetation soil type and degree of weatheringrocks
WasteWater Disposal Systems
Physical, Chemical and Biological characteristics ofWastewaterentering
surfaceWaters
Hygiene and Health situation of the communities residing near surface waters
Water Pollution
46. Classification ofWater Pollution
Based on Sources and Storage ofWater
SurfaceWater Pollution
LakeWaterPollution
RiversWater Pollution
SeaWater or Marine Pollution
Water Pollution
48. Water Pollutants (Harmful)
Water Pollution
Zinc Cobalt
Copper Nickel
Barium Boron
Iron Acidity andAlkalinity
Cadmium Phosphatesand Nitrates
Mercury Chlorine
Lead Sulphide
Arsenic Salinity
Vanadium Oil/Grease/OilSludge
Silver Aluminium
Radioactive Materials/Substances Pesticides/Insecticides
Fluoride Phenols
Selenium Cyanides
Chromium Salinity
Manganese
49. Adverse Effects ofWater Pollution
Effect of Infectious Agents
Effect of Pesticides
Effect of Heavy Metals
Effect of Acid Mine Drainage
Effect of Inorganic Pollutants
Effects of Sediments
Effect of Detergents
Effect of Plant Nutrients
Effect of Radioactivity Pollutants
Effect ofThermal Pollution
Water Pollution
51. Definition of Soil Pollution
Causes of Soil Pollution
- Agricultural Activities
- Mining and Quarrying Activities
- Sewage Sludge Deposition
- Dumping of Dredged Soil
- Dumping of Solid Wastes
- Deforestation
- Pollution Due to Urbanisation
- IndustrialActivities
52. Ill Effects of Soil Pollution
- Due to Agricultural Activities
- Due to Mining and Quarrying Activities
- Due to Sewage Sludge Deposition
- Due to Dumping of Dredged Soil
- Due to Dumping of Solid Wastes
- Due to Deforestation
- Due to Urbanisation Pollution
- Due to IndustrialActivities
53. Control of Soil Pollution
- Reduce, Reuse,Recycleand Recovery
of Solid Waste
- Solid waste treatment
- Reducingchemical fertilizer and
pesticide use
- Reforesting
59. Solutions for Noise Pollution
Planting of trees at the point of source
Regular maintenance of automobiles and machines
Use of sound absorbing materials
Restriction on usage of loudspeakers
Zoning – by landuse
Social awareness programs
61. Definitionof ThermalPollution
Sources/Causesof ThermalPollution
- Waste Water from Cooling Agents in Industrial Facilities
- Deforestation of Shorelines
- Soil Erosion
- Agricultural Sources
Ill-Effects of Thermal Pollution
- Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen in Water
- Affecting Ecosystem Composition
62. Definitionof Marine Pollution
Sources/Causes of Marine Pollution
- Land Based Discharge
- Oil Exploration and Production
- Dumping of Solid Waste
- Marine Transport
- Atmospheric Inputs
63. Ill-Effects of Marine Pollution
- Increase in Toxicity of Water
- Leads to Microbiological Pollution
- Leads to Oxygen Depletion Pollution
- Leads to Nutrient Pollution
- Leads to Oil Pollution
65. Radioactive Pollution
Definition
Radioactive pollution can be defined as the emission of high
energy particles or radioactive substance into air, water or
land due to human activities in the form of radioactive
waste. Radioactive waste is usually the product of a nuclear
process such as nuclear fission, which is extensively used in
nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons and other nuclear fuel-
cycles.
67. Radioactive Pollution
Sources
Production of nuclear weapons
Decommissioning of nuclear weapons
Mining of radioactive ore (uranium,phosphate etc.)
Coal ash
Medical waste
Nuclear power plants
68. Radioactive Pollution
Continuous pollution: This type of condition exists in uranium mines,
nuclear reactors, test labs etc. where the humans are under
continuous exposure to radioactive contaminants and protective
clothing is required to avoid radiation exposure.
Accidental Pollution: This type of condition exists during accidental
exposure to radiations by virtue of equipment failure, radiation leak,
faulty protective equipment etc.
Occasional Pollution:This condition exists during isolated
experiment or test of nuclear substance.
69. Radioactive Pollution
RadioactiveWaste Management
Geological disposal– this is, effectively, the burying of radioactive material.
Large geologic formations are located and tunnels as deep as 1000m
underground are drilled. Rooms are then excavated at the bottom of these
and radioactive material is stored here until it has decayed enough to not be
dangerous any more. Radioactive waste has also previously been dumped
into the world’s oceans but following the sixteenth meeting of the LDC
(London Dumping Convention) in 1993, the dumping of radioactive waste
into the sea is banned, permanently.
70. Radioactive Pollution
RadioactiveWaste Management
Transmutation – transmutation of radioactive waste is the process of
consuming this radioactive waste and turning it into less harmful
waste.This is currently not used very often due to high costs,
however, research is being done to make the process more efficient
and more economically viable.This currently is our most
environmentally friendly radioactive waste management technique
and, as such, when perfected will effectively solve the problem of
radioactive waste.
71. Radioactive Pollution
RadioactiveWaste Management
Re-use of radioactive waste – some radioactive isotopes, such as
strontium-90 and caesium-137 are able to be extracted for use in
other industries such as food irradiation.The re-use of radioactive
waste means that the quantity of waste produced is reduced, so this
serves as another good environmentally friendly management
scheme.
72. Radioactive Pollution
RadioactiveWaste Management
Space disposal – space disposal is not currently used to reduce
radioactive pollution, due to the potential problems which could
occur when attempting to carry out the procedure. If, for example, a
rocket used to launch the waste fails (and bear in mind that many
rockets would have to be used due to the large amount of radioactive
waste) then huge amounts of radioactive material would be released
into the atmosphere, causing significant health risks to people within
thousands of miles of the launch. Sometime in the future this may be
possible, however, for now, it is best for us to avoid space disposal.
74. Pesticide Pollution
Definition
Pollution caused due to use of pesticide for agricultural
activities causing spraying in the atmosphere or deposition
on soil leading to water and soil pollution is called as
pesticide pollution
75. Pesticide Pollution
Caused by
Skin contact: handling of pesticide products
Inhalation: breathing of dust or spray
Ingestion:pesticides consumed as a contaminant on/in
food or in water.
76. Pesticide Pollution
Effects of Pesticide Pollution
Death of the organism.
Cancers,tumours and lesions on fish and animals.
Reproductive inhibition or failure.
Suppression of immune system.
Disruption of endocrine (hormonal) system.
Cellular and DNA damage.
Teratogenic effects (physical deformities such as hooked
beaks on birds).
77. Pesticide Pollution
Effects of Pesticide Pollution
Poor fish health marked by low red to white blood cell
ratio, excessive slime on fish scales and gills, etc.
Intergenerational effects (effects are not apparent until
subsequent generations of the organism).
Other physiological effects such as egg shell thinning.
85. Acid Rain:
- Acid Rain Can be
- Dry Deposition
- Wet Deposition
- Precipitationwith a pH lower than 5.6 is considered
acidic
86. Air Pollutants Causing Acid Rain:
The major Air Pollutants causing Acid Rain are:
1. Sulphur Dioxide
2. Nitrogen Oxides
3. Carbon Dioxide
87.
88. Chemical Reactions of Air Pollutants andWater:
Sulphur Dioxide:
Sulfur dioxide andWater form SulfurousAcid (H2SO3)
SO2(g) + H2O(l) ➔ H2SO3
1. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) oxidizes to SulfurTrioxide
(SO3)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ➔ 2SO3
2. SulfurTrioxide (SO3) then combines with water
forming SulfuricAcid (H2SO4)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) ➔ H2SO4
89. Chemical Reactions of Air Pollutants andWater:
Nitrogen Oxides:
Oxides of Nitrogen like nitrogen dioxide (NO2) react
with water to form nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid
(HNO3)
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) ➔ HNO2 + HNO3
Carbon Dioxide:
Carbon dixide combined with water and forms Carbonic
Acid (Minor Element)
CO2 + H2O ➔ H2CO3
90. Effects of Acid Rains
- Plant Life
- Aquatic Life
- Property
- Human andAnimal Life
92. Ozone Depletion:
Ozone depletion have two distinct interrelated phenomena
1. a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's
Stratosphere (the ozone layer), and
2. a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar
regions.
This phenomenon is referred as the ozone hole or Ozone Depletion.
93. Chemical Reactions of Ozone Depletion:
Ozone Depletion mainly occurs due to Stratospheric Chlorine
Thus the element of major concern for Ozone depletion is CFCs which is 60%
(28+23+3+6) of Stratospheric Chlorine
95. Chemical Reactions of Ozone Depletion:
Chemical Reaction with CFCs with Ozone are as follows:
CFCl3 + electromagnetic radiation → CFCl2 + Cl
Cl + O3 → ClO + O2
The chlorine atom changes an ozone molecule to ordinary oxygen
ClO + O3 → Cl + 2 O2
The ClO from the previous reaction destroys a second ozone molecule
This reaction is cyclic. Cl again reacts with ozone and release again Cl +2O2
This release of Oxygen to atmosphere leads to reduction in ozone molecules and
termed as ozone depletion.
98. Nuclear Fallout:
- Definition of Nuclear Fallout
Nuclear fallout is the particles of matter in the air made radioactive from a nuclear
explosion. Some of these particles fall in the immediate area and some get blown by
upper winds many thousands of miles. Eventually they fall to the earth.This is
called fallout
99. Nuclear Fallout:
- Causes of Nuclear Fallout
Nuclear Explosion
- Measurement of Nuclear Fallout
Nuclear Fallout is measured as rem – (Roentgen Equivalent Mammal/Man)
100. Nuclear Fallout:
- Effects on Human Health
Below 100rems Fluctuation in Blood Cell Count
100-200rems Blood FormingTissues affected, Mild Nausea and vomiting, Loss of
appetite lasting for 4 weeks
200-400rems Illness becomes severe, Hair loss, Hemorrhage of mouth and kidney
400-600rems Increase in the severity of all above effects
600-1000rems Bone marrow is completely destroyed
Above
1000rems
Severe intestinal and metabolic problems – diarrhea,intestinal
bleeding, loss of fluid, followed by death in few hours from
circulatory collapse.
101. Nuclear Fallout:
- Effects on Aquatic Life
- Radiations 11 rems a day cause evidence of mutation in metabolisms and
life shortening as notices in case of fishes.