"Building a Network of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations" Presented by Kathy Harris and Willett Kempton Center for Carbon-Free Power Integration University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment The Delaware Sea Grant College Program hosted “Focus on the Delaware Coast: Mitigating Climate Change at the Local Level” on December 4, 2014. The half-day seminar was part of a series designed to spotlight coastal resource issues and to provide science-based information relevant to local decision-making in Delaware. It was co-hosted with Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control’s (DNREC) Division of Energy and Climate. Scientific evidence suggests that a changing global climate poses significant threats to earth ecosystems. Delaware is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise related to the warming climate due to its low elevation. Seminar speakers highlighted: Current strategies to reduce the effects of climate change in Delaware; New initiatives and local funding opportunities; and Local case studies in electric generation, transportation and conservation. Solving or mitigating global climate effects requires international cooperation, but individual and community conservation and sustainability efforts are equally important to reducing the carbon footprint. “Delaware communities and businesses are taking important steps to conserve energy and use renewable energy, while UD researchers help to answer important questions and develop technologies to support renewable energy use and conservation,” said Joe Farrell, Delaware Sea Grant resource management specialist and a seminar coordinator. Learn more at www.deseagrant.org.

1. Building a Network of Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations
Kathy Harris and Willett Kempton
Center for Carbon-Free Power Integration
University of Delaware

2. Grant Partners
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3. Source: Electric Drive Transportation Association 2

4. Introduction
• Electric Vehicles are entering the market
– Almost 100,000 Plug-In Vehicles sold in
as of November 2014
• Partially due to more affordable vehicles
entering the market
– But cheaper prices= lower ranges
• En-route charging
– Extend travel cheaply
– Reduce range anxiety
• Only 9 charging stations in Delaware
– Most are not accessible to all electric
vehicles
– Low power, slow recharge
– Only one at each location
– Not located to extend trips 3

5. Project Goals
• To install a network of high power Level 2 charging stations throughout
Delaware to ensure that no EV driver is more than 50 miles from a charging
station at any point in the state.
• To promote en-route charging to help extend trips taken in Electric Vehicles
• To encourage drivers to purchase Electric Vehicles by enabling longer trips
by expanding infrastructure
• To make infrastructure known to the public
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6. Determining Parameters
• Nissan Leaf used as baseline
– Lowest range on market (Average
of 73 miles/ charge)
– But can’t count on 73 miles,
lowered by:
• Air-conditioning/ Heating
• Cold battery
• 50 miles used by us as a “worst-case
scenario”
• Major “long routes” were determined
– Examples:
• Wilmington - Bethany Beach
• Laurel - Wilmington
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7. Determining Parameters
• 50 mile radii circles were drawn around each major
city
• Ensures “worst-case scenario” is accounted
for.
• Circles were clipped to fit major roads
• The routes were overlaid
• This created a “Critical Recharge Zone” (CRZ)
for the state.
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11. Criteria for Sites
• Pick a location with these attributes:
– Easy on/Easy off access from through route
– Something to do during charge (food, recreation, shop)
– Site owner agrees to host charging station
– Agrees to continue availability after year initial period
– Commercial entities may be asked to pay for station/install
• Charging station
– Durable, outdoor equipment
– No cost to user for initial year period, to encourage use
– Max power for standard J1772 charger (16-19 kW)
– A few IEC chargers (low cost, high power), 66 kW
– Two stations per location
– High power charging station adds little cost, allows for and encourages
faster recharge EV models
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12. Criteria for Sites
• Signage and communication
– Signs on road and leading to station
– Sign gives connector type and kW rating
– Enter in data bases, such as US DOE, Recargo
– Other information/education possible
• Possible synergistic programs
– Charging at popular destinations
• Beaches
• Shopping
– Work with neighboring states for I95, state 301, state 202 and other
throughways
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13. Locations of Sites
• Northern Delaware :
– I-95 Welcome Center
• Critical Recharge Zone
– Dover
• Western Delaware
– Bridgeville or Seaford
• Beaches
– Rehoboth Beach
– Cape May-Lewes Ferry Terminal, Lewes DE
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14. Example Site: I-95 Welcome Center
• The Delaware Welcome Center
in Newark
• Allows for in-route charging
• Travel to Dover (and
therefore beaches)
• Travel to Maryland (and
therefore Baltimore and
D.C)
• Draft parking lot designs and
signage have been created for
this location 13

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17. Developed Signage
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18. Feed-Back
• Add operational sites to EV charging Apps, such as Plug-Share
– Drivers are able to leave comments about the stations
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19. Feedback
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20. Rehoboth Beach
• Henlopen Hotel
– Installation within a few months
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21. Cape-May Lewes Ferry Terminal
• Mid-December Installation
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22. Questions?
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23. Our Charging Stations
• Millbank PowerPort
– First Source Electronics has taken over production
– Approximately $1,500
• J1772 Charger
– Able to be used by all Electric Vehicles
• Up to 19 kW of power
– 75 Amps
– Most public charging stations are 3-6 kW
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24. Type of
Charger
kW Cost
Average time
to full charge Examples
Level 1-”A.C” 1.6 $10 11-20 hours
Standard Wall
Outlet
Level 2-”A.C” 6-19 $1,500
1 hour-8
hours
(dependent
on Amps)
UD Charging
Stations
Level 3-
“D.C”
50-62.5 $35,000 40 minutes
Tesla
Superchargers
3-Phase
charging –
“A.C”
43-52 $5,000
30-45
minutes
The Renault
Zoe
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