General Chemistry

1. Chemistry Chapter 3Chemistry Chapter 3
Matter – Properties and ChangesMatter – Properties and Changes

2. Chapter 3: Main IdeasChapter 3: Main Ideas
Most common substances exist as solids,Most common substances exist as solids,
liquids, and gases, which have diverse physicalliquids, and gases, which have diverse physical
and chemical properties.and chemical properties.
Matter can undergo physical and chemicalMatter can undergo physical and chemical
changes.changes.
Most everyday matter occurs as mixtures—Most everyday matter occurs as mixtures—
combinations of two or more substances.combinations of two or more substances.
A compound is a combination of two or moreA compound is a combination of two or more
elements.elements.

3. 3-1 Properties of Matter3-1 Properties of Matter
Objectives:Objectives:
IdentifyIdentify the characteristics of athe characteristics of a
substance.substance.
DistinguishDistinguish between physical andbetween physical and
chemical propertieschemical properties
DifferentiateDifferentiate among physical states ofamong physical states of
matter.matter.

4. States of MatterStates of Matter
• Solids are a form of matter that have
their own definite shape and volume.
• Liquids are a form of matter that
have a definite volume but take the
shape of the container.
• Gases have no definite shape or
volume. They expand to fill their
container.
• Vapor refers to the gaseous state
of a substance that is a solid or
liquid at room temperature.

5. Physical Properties ofPhysical Properties of
MatterMatter
• A physical property is a characteristic that
can be observed or measured without
changing the sample’s composition.

6. Physical Properties ofPhysical Properties of
MatterMatter
• Extensive properties are dependent
on the amount of substance present.
• mass, length, or volume.
• Intensive properties are independent
of the amount of substance present.
• Density,

7. Chemical Properties ofChemical Properties of
MatterMatter
• The ability of a substance to
combine with or change into one
or more other substances is
called a chemical property.
Examples:
• Iron forming rust
• Copper turning green in the air

8. Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties
• Chemical properties can change with
specific environmental conditions, such
as temperature and pressure.

9. Question?Question?
Density is what kind of property?
A. atomic
B. intensive
C. extensive
D. dependent

10. Question?Question?
What defines a gas?
A. Gases have a definite volume and shape.
B. Gases have a definite volume but take the
shape of their container.
C. Gases have no definite volume or shape.
D. Gases have a definite shape but no definite
volume.

11. 3-2 Changes in Matter3-2 Changes in Matter
ObjectivesObjectives
DefineDefine physical change and list severalphysical change and list several
common physical changes.common physical changes.
DefineDefine chemical change and list severalchemical change and list several
indications that a chemical change hasindications that a chemical change has
taken place.taken place.
ApplyApply the law of conservation of mass tothe law of conservation of mass to
chemical reactions.chemical reactions.

12. 3-2 Changes in Matter3-2 Changes in Matter
• A change that alters a substance without
changing its composition is known as a
physical change.
• A phase change is a transition of matter from
one state to another.
• Dependent on temperature and pressure.
• Examples: Boiling, freezing, melting, and
condensing all describe phase changes in

13. Chemical ChangesChemical Changes
• A change that involves one or more
substances turning into new substances
is called a chemical change.
Examples: Decomposing, rusting,
exploding, burning, or oxidizing are all
terms that describe chemical changes.

14. Conservation of MassConservation of Mass
• The law of conservation of mass
states that mass is neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction, it is
conserved.
• The mass of the reactants equals the
mass of the products.
massreactants = massproducts

15. When one substances turns into
another, what kind of change has taken
place?
A. chemical reaction
B. physical reaction
C. extensive reaction
D. nuclear reaction
Question?Question?

16. Question?Question?
The law of conservation of mass states
that:
A. Matter can be created and destroyed.
B. Matter can be created but not destroyed.
C. The products of a reaction always
have a greater mass than the reactants.
D. The products of a reaction must
have the same mass as the
reactants.

17. 3-3 Mixtures of Matter3-3 Mixtures of Matter
ObjectivesObjectives
ContrastContrast mixtures and substancesmixtures and substances
ClassifyClassify mixtures as homogeneous ormixtures as homogeneous or
heterogeneous.heterogeneous.
List and describeList and describe several techniquesseveral techniques
used to separate mixtures.used to separate mixtures.

18. MixturesMixtures
• A mixture is a combination of two or
more pure substances in which each
pure substance retains its individual
chemical properties.
• A homogenous mixture is a mixture
where the composition is constant
throughout.
• Also called a solution.

19. MixturesMixtures
• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture
where the individual substances remain
distinct.
• Sand and water
• Salad

20. MixturesMixtures

21. Separation of MixturesSeparation of Mixtures
• Filtration is a technique that uses a porous
barrier to separate a solid from a liquid in a
heterogeneous mixture.
• Distillation is a separation technique for
homogeneous mixtures that is based on the
differences in boiling points of substances.
• Crystallization is a separation technique for
homogenous mixtures that results in the
formation of pure solid particles from a
solution containing the dissolved substance.

22. Separation of MixturesSeparation of Mixtures
• Sublimation is the process of a solid
changing directly to a gas, which can be
used to separate mixtures of solids when
one sublimates and the other does not.
• Chromatography is a technique that
separates the components of a mixture on
the basis of tendency of each to travel
across the surface of another material.

23. Question?Question?
Which is NOT a technique for
separating a homogenous mixture?
A. crystallization
B. distillation
C. filtration
D. chromatography

24. Question?Question?
Which of the following is a
heterogeneous mixture?
A. seawater
B. silver mercury amalgam
C. atmosphere
D. salad dressing

25. 3-4 Elements and3-4 Elements and
CompoundsCompounds
ObjectiveObjective
DistinguishDistinguish between elements andbetween elements and
compounds.compounds.
DescribeDescribe the organization of elements inthe organization of elements in
the periodic table.the periodic table.
ExplainExplain how all compounds obey the lawshow all compounds obey the laws
of definite and multiple proportions.of definite and multiple proportions.

26. ElementsElements
• An element is a pure substance that
cannot be separated into simpler
substances by physical or chemical means.
• 92 elements occur naturally on Earth.
• Each element has a unique name and a
one, two, or three-letter symbol.
• The periodic table organizes the
elements into a grid of horizontal rows
called periods and vertical columns called
groups.

27. CompoundsCompounds
• A compound is pure substance made up
of two or more elements combined
chemically.
• Compounds can be separated into
components by chemical means.
• Electricity or heat

28. CompoundsCompounds
• Have properties different than that of
their components.
• Most of the matter in the universe exists
as compounds
• Example: Table salt, NaCl, and water,
H2
O, are compounds.

29. Compounds vs. ElementsCompounds vs. Elements
• Elements can never be separated.
• Compounds can be broken into
components by chemical means.

30. CompoundsCompounds
• This figure
shows
electrolysis of
water to form
hydrogen and
oxygen.

31. CompoundsCompounds

32. Law of DefiniteLaw of Definite
ProportionsProportions
• The law of definite proportions states
that a compound is always composed of
the same elements in the same proportion
by mass, no matter how large or small the
sample.
• Water is always 2 parts H and 1 part O
• CO is always 1 part C and 1 part O

33. Percent by MassPercent by Mass
• The relative amounts are expressed as
percent by mass, the ratio of the mass
of each element to the total mass of the
compound expressed as a percentage.

34. Law of MultipleLaw of Multiple
ProportionsProportions
• The law of multiple proportions states
that when different compounds are
formed by a combination of the same
elements, different masses of one
element combine with the same relative
mass of the other element in whole
number ratios.
• H2O2 and H2O
• CO and CO2

35. Section 3-4Section 3-4
What is a period on the periodic table of
the elements?
A. a vertical columns
B. even numbered elements only
C. horizontal rows
D. the last vertical column only

36. Question?Question?
An element is a substance that cannot
be
A. divided into simpler substances.
B. combined to form a mixture.
C. combined to form an element.
D. different phases.

37. Study GuideStudy Guide
• The three common states of matter are
solid, liquid, and gas.
• Physical properties can be observed
without altering a substance’s composition.
• Chemical properties describe a
substance’s ability to combine with or
change into one or more new substances.
• External conditions can affect both physical
and chemical properties.

38. Study GuideStudy Guide
• A physical change alters the physical properties of
a substance without changing its composition.
• A chemical change, also known as a chemical
reaction, involves a change in a substance’s
composition.
• In a chemical reaction, reactants form products.
• The law of conservation of mass states that mass
is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical
reaction; it is conserved.

39. Study GuideStudy Guide
• A mixture is a physical blend of two or
more pure substances in any proportion.
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
• Mixtures can be separated by physical
means. Common separation techniques
include filtration, distillation, crystallization,
sublimation, and chromatography.

40. Study GuideStudy Guide
• Elements cannot be broken down into
simpler substances.
• Elements are organized in the periodic
table of the elements.
• Compounds are chemical combinations of
two or more elements and their properties
differ from the properties of their
component elements.

41. Study GuideStudy Guide
• The law of definite proportions states that a
compound is always composed of the
same elements in the same proportions.
• The law of multiple proportions states that
if elements form more than one compound,
those compounds will have compositions
that are whole-number multiples of each
other.

42. Question?Question?
Which of the following is NOT a physical
property of water?
A. Ice melts at 0°C.
B. Water boils at 100.
C. Water reacts violently with
pure sodium.
D. Water is a liquid at room
temperature.

43. Question?Question?
28.0 grams of nitrogen gas reacts
completely with 6.0 grams of hydrogen to
form 34.0 grams of ammonia. What does
this demonstrate?
A. the law of conservation of energy
B. sublimation
C. distillation
D. the law of conservation of mass

44. Question?Question?
What is the best way to separate salt
dissolved in water?
A. sublimation
B. crystallization
C. freezing
D. filtration

45. Question?Question?
Two or more elements chemically
joined form what?
A. substance
B. heterogeneous mixture
C. homogenous solution
D. compound

46. Question?Question?
What is the ratio of oxygen to carbon
in carbon dioxide (CO2
)?
A. 2:1
B. 1:2
C. 1:1
D. 1:3

47. Question?Question?
Which is NOT a chemical reaction?
A. a car rusting
B. dissolving sugar in water
C. wood burning
D. a banana ripening

48. Question?Question?
Which describes a substance that is in
the liquid state?
A. It has a definite shape.
B. It has no definite volume.
C. It can be compressed into a
smaller volume.
D. It has a definite volume.

49. Question?Question?
Elements in the same period are
likely to have similar ____.
A. physical properties
B. densities
C. chemical properties
D. melting points

50. Question?Question?
Filtration is an easy way to separate
what?
A. heterogeneous mixture
B. homogeneous mixture
C. compounds
D. solutions

51. Question?Question?
Compounds can be broken into their
component elements by which of the
following?
A. crystallization
B. distillation
C. filtration
D. chemical reaction

52. The EndThe End

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62. CIMCIM
4 Three Common States of Matter
10 Conservation of Mass
3 Types of Solution Systems

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