There are two types of articles: definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a/an, some). The uses of these articles depend on whether the noun is countable or uncountable, singular or plural. Definite articles are used to refer to something specific or already mentioned. Indefinite articles are used to refer to something general or non-specific for the first time. The rules provided give examples of when to use articles with different types of nouns like countries, jobs, proper nouns, uncountable nouns, etc.

1. There are two types of articles
which can be put in front of a noun:
Definite (the)
and
Indefinite (some/a/an).

2. 8 RULES!
• 1) C O U N T R I E S
• Most countries we do not use an article:
She live in Germany / in America / In England
• **** EXCEPTIONS
If a nation if made up of a collection of
different countries / a group of Islands :
• The USA, the UK , the Virgin Islands , the
Philipinnes

3. There is no article:
With names of countries
(if singular):
• Germany is an
important economic
power.
• He's just returned from
Zimbabwe.
(But: I'm visiting the
United States next
week.)
With the names of
languages:
• French is spoken in
Tahiti.
• English uses many
words of Latin origin.
• Indonesian is a relatively
new language.

4. Rule n. 2
• It is a very subtle rule here.
With the names of meals:
• Lunch is at midday.
• BRUNCH is in big towns
• Dinner is in the evening.
• Breakfast is the first meal of the day.

5. RULE N. 2 - EXCEPTIONS
• **** EXCEPTIONS
When we talk about a specific meal
• We didn’t like the dinner we had last night

6. RULE N. 3 - JOBS
• JOBS take the INDEFINITE ARTICLE
• I am a dentist
• I want to be a politician
• I am a teacher / an engineer etc.

7. RULE N. 4 – PROPER NOUNS
• See WORDS starting with a CAPITAL LETTER:
• See you on Monday
• June, August, Friday

8. There is no article:
With people's names (if
singular):
• John's coming to the party.
• George King is my uncle.
(But: we're having lunch
with the Morgans
tomorrow.)
After possessive case:
• His brother's car.
• Peter's house.
.
With titles and names:
• Prince Charles is Queen
Elizabeth's son.
• President Kennedy was
assassinated in Dallas.
• Dr. Watson was Sherlock
Holmes' friend.
(But: the Queen of England,
the Pope.)

9. RULE N. 4 – PROPER NOUNS
• See WORDS starting with a CAPITAL LETTER:
• See you on Monday
• June, August, Friday

10. RULE N. 5 – ONLY ONE
• The moon is beautiful
the sun / the Atlantic Ocean
• The solar system
• He’s always on the Internet

11. 1. To refer to something which has already been mentioned.
Example: An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse
loved the elephant's long trunk, and the elephant loved the
mouse's tiny nose.
2. When both the speaker and listener know what is being
talked about, even if it has not been mentioned before.
Example: “Where's the bathroom?” “It's on the first
floor.”

12. RULE N. 6 – UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
• I like bread
I like chocolate
• *** Exception
• I like the bread they bake on Monday

13. RULE N. 7 – ABSTRACT NOUNS
• THE INFORMATION WAS HELPFUL
• FREEDOM IS WORTH DYING FOR

14. • “THE” is not used before the nouns listed
above when these places are visited or used
for their primary purpose
To church (to pray) but to prison (“as prisoners”)
*Exception : I went to the church to see the stained glasses
** He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
Similarly: (MOVEMENT – moto a luogo)
To prison (“as prisoners”); to hospital (“as patients”); To school / college /
university (“as students and to study”); to bed (“to sleep or as invalids”)
To court (“as litigants”)
(State– stato in luogo)
RULE N. 8 – bed, church, court,
prison, school/college/university

15. RULE N. 9 – various
• SEA
We go to sea as sailors. To be at sea = to be on a voyage (as passenger or crew)
BUT ** WE LIVE BY / NEAR THE SEA
** WE GO TO THE SEASIDE (Mostly for tourism)

16. 4. In sentences or clauses where we define a particular person
or object.
Example: The man who wrote this book is famous.
My house is the one with a blue door.
5. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers:
Example: the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.
6. With names of geographical areas and oceans:
Example: the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic
7. With decades, or groups of years:
Example: she grew up in the seventies

17.  The is used when the noun cannot be counted.
ex.: The coffee I had this morning was too sweet.
ex.: The ink in my pen has run out.
 The is not used with non-countable nouns that refer
to something in the general sense unless the non-
countable noun is made more specific by a
modifying phrase or clause.
ex.: Coffee is my favorite drink; the coffee that I
had this morning was stale.

18. There is no article:
With names of shops:
• I'll get the card at Smith's.
• Can you go to Boots for me?
With uncountable nouns:
• Rice is the main food in Asia.
• Milk is often added to tea in
England.
• War is destructive.
With years:
• 1948 was a wonderful year.
• Do you remember 1995?
With the names of individual
mountains, lakes and
islands:
• Mount McKinley is the
highest mountain in Alaska.
• She lives near Lake
Windermere.
• Have you visited Long
Island?

19. There is no article:
With most names of towns,
streets, stations and
airports:
• Victoria Station is in the
centre of London.
• Can you direct me to Bond
Street?
• She lives in Florence.
• They're flying from
Heathrow.
In some fixed expressions, for
example:
• by car
• by train
• by air
• on foot
• on holiday
• on air (in broadcasting)
• at school
• at work
• at University
• in church
• in prison
• in bed

20. Some
The indefinite word some is used for plural
general nouns (ex.: some students).

21. A and an
 The use of a and an indicates that the noun modified is indefinite (no
particular member of a group). They are used when the noun
modified is singular and general.
 A and an are used when the noun can be counted (ex.: a vehicle, an
apple).
 Place the word a in front of any noun referring to one thing within a
type but not constrained to one token thing. In other words, use a for
any one dog but not necessarily that dog.
ex.: A cat jumped onto my lap.
 If an amount is referred to (such as any or one) the a is no longer
required.
ex.: Any box will do.

22.  A precedes singular nouns that begin with a consonant (ex.: a student).
Exception #1: When a singular noun begins with a vowel that sounds like a
consonant, a is used (a uniform; u in uniform sounds like yoo).
Exception #2: An before an h mute - an hour, an honor.
 An precedes singular nouns that begin with a vowel (ex.: an address).
 When the article and the noun are separated by an adjective, the article that
agrees with the initial sound of the adjective is used (ex.: an English student;
a wrong address).
 Neither a/an or the should be used when referring to proper names unless it
is part of the name.
ex.: George went to Cedar Point.
ex.: Kelly’s favorite book is The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe.
 When a pronoun replaces the noun in a sentence, the a/an or the is no
longer needed.
ex.: The cat came running, or it came running.

23.  To refer to something for the first time.
Example:
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
 To refer to a particular member of a group or class: such
as the names of jobs, nationalities, religions, musical
instruments and days of the week.
Examples:
John is a doctor.
John is an Englishman.
Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when they came.
I was born on a Thursday.

24.  To refer to a “kind of,” or
“example of” something.
Examples:
The mouse had a tiny nose.
The elephant had a long
trunk.
It was a very strange car.
 With singular nouns, after
the words 'what' and 'such‘.
Examples:
What a shame!
She's such a beautiful girl.
 Meaning 'one', referring to a
single object or person.
Examples:
I'd like an orange and two
lemons please.
The burglar took a diamond
necklace and a valuable
painting.