Globalisation: The Platform Era
1) The internet has stratified over time from databases in the 1990s, the encyclopedic web in 1995, e-commerce in 2000, social media in 2005, apps and mobile in 2010, and big data/IoT currently.
2) Platforms govern through algorithms that influence user behavior via recommendation engines, notifications, and dashboards to encourage desired collective behaviors.
3) Platforms employ various techniques of "governmentality" including policies, marketing nudges, reputation systems, and gamification to manage networks with externalities, long tails, multisided markets, and crowdsourcing.