Adolescent Resilience: Considerations for at-risk youth

1. Adolescent Resilience: Considerations forAdolescent Resilience: Considerations for
at-risk youthat-risk youth
Where IWhere I’’m from feels likem from feels like running through a maze that never seems torunning through a maze that never seems to
end, a dream that never cameend, a dream that never came true.true.
I wish I could learnI wish I could learn how come bad things happen to good peoplehow come bad things happen to good people
I wish everyone hadI wish everyone had a second chancea second chance
I want to becomeI want to become someonesomeone ((www.tyss.orgwww.tyss.org))
_____________________________________________________
Christine Wekerle, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Pediatrics, CAAP
McMaster University*
Interchange Canada Assignment
Public Health Agency of Canada*
Associate, Professor, Psychiatry
Child, Youth & Family Program, CAMH
University of Toronto
Member, Prevention of Violence Centre (PreVail: www.prevailresearch.ca
EMAIL: chris.wekerle@gmail.com

2. Tackling Resilience:Tackling Resilience:
Why do some adolescents adapt and develop and others do not?Why do some adolescents adapt and develop and others do not?
Adversity does not follow a 1:1 determinism with negative outcomes (i.e., innate self-righting
tendency in humans) (e.g., see Rogosch & Cicchetti work)
For example, 45% of children with a mood-disorder parent will have an adolescent episode
55% of children with a mood-disorder parent will have no adolescent episode
(Beardslee et al., 1998)
Resilience defined as ability of a person or group or commmunity to adapt, cope, and
recover effectively, despite adversity (Norris et al., 2008) developmental transitions or
“windows of opportunity for resilience outcomes and processes” (Masten, 2004)
Resilience as outcomes [fixed set of attributes (distraction strategies, problem-solving coping
domains of adequate functioning and processes (mechanisms and pathways of change,
interventions leading to change – dyanamic, longitudinal by definition)
Ungar (2006) ecological concept of: (1) provision of external resources (affordable housing;
food security; learning opportunities; universal healthcare); (2) individual navigate and
negotiate external resources
Silk et al. (2007) neurobiological concept of: (1) genetic factors, (2) stress reactivity/
environmental sensitivity (3) level of positive affect, (4) neural systems of reward, (5) sleep
(quick, easy onset; Stage 4 deep sleep)

3. Resilience – Aboriginal YouthResilience – Aboriginal Youth (www.cyc-net.org)(www.cyc-net.org)
1.1. Sense of BelongingSense of Belonging
-- community caregiving model; participation in traditions; cultural engagmentcommunity caregiving model; participation in traditions; cultural engagment
2.2. MasteryMastery
-- knowledge of Nature (survival), story-telling (skill)knowledge of Nature (survival), story-telling (skill)
3.3. IndependenceIndependence
-- valuing individual freedom, and self-managementvaluing individual freedom, and self-management
4.4. GenerosityGenerosity
-- community sharing and giving to otherscommunity sharing and giving to others
5.5. Ecological: Individual, Family, Community ResilienceEcological: Individual, Family, Community Resilience
- feel treated fairly in community, know where to go in community for help, feel- feel treated fairly in community, know where to go in community for help, feel
parents monitor you, strive to finish what start; have friends who support youparents monitor you, strive to finish what start; have friends who support you
- Other research suggests relationships, school engagement, restricted access to- Other research suggests relationships, school engagement, restricted access to
harmful substancesharmful substances

4. Resilience & Aboriginal Youth
Research Findings:
MAP Youth, Wekerle et al., paper under review
(1) Aboriginal youth reporting high positive identification with caseworker were 5 times less
likely to use cannabis in past 12 months (Overall Rates of Past Year Cannabis Use: Aboriginal
MAP Youth, 87%; Non-Aboriginal MAP Youth, 54% use past month; Ontario Students,
Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, 2009 data, 25.6%)
Mi’ kmaq On-reserve youth, Zaharadnik et al., 2010:
(1)Child maltreatment associated with low community & family resilience;
(2) Numbing symptoms related to low individual, family, & community resilience; (3)
Avoidance symptoms linked with low community symptoms
(4)Child maltreatment is linked with re-experiencing trauma symptoms only when there is low
levels of community, family, individual resilience
(5) Other research suggests that re-esxperiencing symptoms linked to chronic PTSD, self-harm,
and substance abuse problems

5. Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal StudyMaltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal Study
Principal InvestigatorPrincipal Investigator: Christine Wekerle, Ph.D.: Christine Wekerle, Ph.D.
Co-InvestigatorsCo-Investigators::
Michael Boyle, Ph.D.;Michael Boyle, Ph.D.; Harriet MacMillan, M.D.; Randall Waechter, Ph.D.Harriet MacMillan, M.D.; Randall Waechter, Ph.D. (McMaster)(McMaster)
Deborah Goodman, Ph.D.; Eman Leung, Ph.D.Deborah Goodman, Ph.D.; Eman Leung, Ph.D. (University of Toronto)(University of Toronto)
Bruce Leslie, M.S. W.; Brenda Moody, M.B.A.Bruce Leslie, M.S. W.; Brenda Moody, M.B.A. (ON Children’s Aid Society)(ON Children’s Aid Society)
Nico Trocmé, Ph.D.Nico Trocmé, Ph.D. (McGill)(McGill)
Lil Tonmyr, Ph.D.Lil Tonmyr, Ph.D. (Public Health Agency of Canada)(Public Health Agency of Canada)
Collaborating Scientists:Collaborating Scientists:
Abby Goldstein, Ph.D.Abby Goldstein, Ph.D. (University of Toronto)(University of Toronto)
Jonathan Weiss, Ph.D.Jonathan Weiss, Ph.D. (York University)(York University)
Stephen Ellenbogen, Ph.D.Stephen Ellenbogen, Ph.D. (Memorial University)(Memorial University)
Tiffany ThorntonTiffany Thornton (Health Canada)(Health Canada)
Marlyn Bennett (First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada)Marlyn Bennett (First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada)
MAP Advisory Board:MAP Advisory Board:
Kong Chung, Lori Bell, NatashaKong Chung, Lori Bell, Natasha
Budzarov, Darlaine Mathews, David Firang, Dan Cadman, Susan GainesBudzarov, Darlaine Mathews, David Firang, Dan Cadman, Susan Gaines
Cherry Chan, Mario Giancola, Judith Wharton, Bervin Garraway, Carla Da Fonte,Cherry Chan, Mario Giancola, Judith Wharton, Bervin Garraway, Carla Da Fonte,
Jacqueline BittencourtJacqueline Bittencourt
MUCH THANKS to ALL the YOUTH and CASEWORKERS for their time and efforts!MUCH THANKS to ALL the YOUTH and CASEWORKERS for their time and efforts!

6. MAP Project OverviewMAP Project Overview
 The MAP Project consists of 4 research studies:The MAP Project consists of 4 research studies:
 MAP Feasibility StudyMAP Feasibility Study (CIHR, Community Action Health(CIHR, Community Action Health Research (CAHR) grant) –Research (CAHR) grant) –
see upcoming MAP Chapter in Centre of Excellence in Child Welfare book postedsee upcoming MAP Chapter in Centre of Excellence in Child Welfare book posted
on (www.cwrp.ca)on (www.cwrp.ca)
 MAP Longitudinal StudyMAP Longitudinal Study tracking CAS-involved youth every 6 months to 2.0 yeartracking CAS-involved youth every 6 months to 2.0 year
follow-up on:follow-up on: violence, mental health, substance use, risky sexual practicesviolence, mental health, substance use, risky sexual practices
 Females: CIHR, Institute of Gender and HealthFemales: CIHR, Institute of Gender and Health
 Males: The Provincial Centre of Excellence in ChildMales: The Provincial Centre of Excellence in Child && YouthYouth Mental Health at theMental Health at the
Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO);Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO); The Ontario Ministry of Children &The Ontario Ministry of Children &
Youth Services (Youth Services (see journal articles; “Up Against the Wall” Report)see journal articles; “Up Against the Wall” Report)
 MAP Extension studyMAP Extension study (3.O year follow-up) Males & Females:(3.O year follow-up) Males & Females: The Ontario MentalThe Ontario Mental
Health Foundation –Health Foundation – Upcoming report from ODARS, PHAC – see Tiffany ThorntonUpcoming report from ODARS, PHAC – see Tiffany Thornton
 MAP Knowledge Translation Website Development/Evaluation StudyMAP Knowledge Translation Website Development/Evaluation Study (MAP KT):(MAP KT):
The Provincial Centre of Excellence in ChildThe Provincial Centre of Excellence in Child && YouthYouth Mental Health @ CHEOMental Health @ CHEO (see(see
MAP ppts and blogs posted onMAP ppts and blogs posted on www2.oacas.orgwww2.oacas.org – MAP KT site – mapguesttest)– MAP KT site – mapguesttest)

7. MAP Approach to Resilience: Person XMAP Approach to Resilience: Person X
Environment InteractionEnvironment Interaction
 PersonPerson (Individual Strengths and Challenges, includes developmental factors(Individual Strengths and Challenges, includes developmental factors
such as self-efficacy [mastery]), area of talent etc.such as self-efficacy [mastery]), area of talent etc.
ByBy EnvironmentEnvironment (non-static; school, child welfare systems; peers, family,(non-static; school, child welfare systems; peers, family,
neighbourhood)neighbourhood) InteractionInteraction
 Adolescents (age 14+) “biological, social developmental window ofAdolescents (age 14+) “biological, social developmental window of
opportunity”opportunity”
 Resilience Measure (CYRM: 3 Factors - Individual, Family,Resilience Measure (CYRM: 3 Factors - Individual, Family,
Community)Community)
 Child welfare system impacts (# caseworkers, # residential and schoolChild welfare system impacts (# caseworkers, # residential and school
moves, # caregivers, # case openings and closings)moves, # caregivers, # case openings and closings)
 Clinical-level problems, entry into and exit from, significant reductionClinical-level problems, entry into and exit from, significant reduction
 Perceptual elementPerceptual element: school safety, positive or negative identification: school safety, positive or negative identification
with caseworker, housing safetywith caseworker, housing safety

8. MAP- MethodsMAP- Methods FeaturesFeatures
 At recruitment, adolescents have open case with CAS, tappingAt recruitment, adolescents have open case with CAS, tapping
all CAS status categories – from Crown Wards living in out-of-all CAS status categories – from Crown Wards living in out-of-
home care to Community families living in-home carehome care to Community families living in-home care
 Sampling with random numbers table from CAS caselistsSampling with random numbers table from CAS caselists
 CAS sites capture urban traffic, includes largest site in CanadaCAS sites capture urban traffic, includes largest site in Canada
 Youth age range - 14.0 to 17.0 yearsYouth age range - 14.0 to 17.0 years
 Cases open for >6 months, given time between case selectionCases open for >6 months, given time between case selection
(@MAP Research) and case eligibility check (@ CAS)(@MAP Research) and case eligibility check (@ CAS)
 Laptop administration, direct upload to on-line databaseLaptop administration, direct upload to on-line database
 Comparison data for MAP from:Comparison data for MAP from:
(a)(a) Use of the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey atUse of the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey at
annual MAP testing points (1.0, 2.0, 3,0 years); OSDUHSannual MAP testing points (1.0, 2.0, 3,0 years); OSDUHS
queries lifetime CAS involvement to prune system contributionqueries lifetime CAS involvement to prune system contribution
from comparison group (15.8% ON youth report hx CASfrom comparison group (15.8% ON youth report hx CAS
involvement; conservative approach)involvement; conservative approach)
(b)(b) Use of norm-referenced, standardized testing to consider ageUse of norm-referenced, standardized testing to consider age
and gender matched norms and established clinical cut-offs

9. The Cost of MAP data collectionThe Cost of MAP data collection
 MAPS data collection research assistants make anMAPS data collection research assistants make an
average of 6.6 calls to each CPS youth to book testingaverage of 6.6 calls to each CPS youth to book testing
 Approximately 57% report moving between six orApproximately 57% report moving between six or
more residences in the past 5 years in the MAP studymore residences in the past 5 years in the MAP study
(Wekerle, Leung, Waechter & Chen, 2009; see(Wekerle, Leung, Waechter & Chen, 2009; see
“Chapter 6 in Looking to the Future ON MCYS“Chapter 6 in Looking to the Future ON MCYS
report). An average of 2.5 calls for location-onlyreport). An average of 2.5 calls for location-only
purposes.purposes.
 14% no-show for scheduled, confirmed testing14% no-show for scheduled, confirmed testing
 Average distance to and from youth’s homes for eachAverage distance to and from youth’s homes for each
testing is 131 kms (over 80% tested in residence)testing is 131 kms (over 80% tested in residence)

10. Maltreatment as a Living EnvironmentMaltreatment as a Living Environment
 N=1912 randomly selected from CAS caselists, 56.1% ineligible (mainly case closed,N=1912 randomly selected from CAS caselists, 56.1% ineligible (mainly case closed,
youth AWOL, significant developmental delay, crisis)youth AWOL, significant developmental delay, crisis)
 N=839 Eligible child welfare-involved youth (51% female)N=839 Eligible child welfare-involved youth (51% female)
 32.7% Refusal rate (mainly due to other commitments; M>F; Community>Crown32.7% Refusal rate (mainly due to other commitments; M>F; Community>Crown
Wards)….67% recruitment rateWards)….67% recruitment rate
 N=565 youth participated @ MAP Initial (2002-2009)N=565 youth participated @ MAP Initial (2002-2009)
 Mean age @ MAP Initial: M=15.9 years (SD=0.99)Mean age @ MAP Initial: M=15.9 years (SD=0.99)
 CAS status @ MAP Initial: 61% crown ward, 16% society ward, 18% communityCAS status @ MAP Initial: 61% crown ward, 16% society ward, 18% community
family, 5% temporary carefamily, 5% temporary care
 Single Ethnicity: 30% White, 25% Black, 15% OtherSingle Ethnicity: 30% White, 25% Black, 15% Other
 Two or More Ethnicities: 30%Two or More Ethnicities: 30%
 Most with foster parents (44%) or group home (24%)Most with foster parents (44%) or group home (24%)

11. Maltreatment: What’s happening to the youthMaltreatment: What’s happening to the youth??
TYPE OFTYPE OF US PopulationUS Population aa
US OfficialUS Official bb
MAP ProjectMAP Project OntarioOntario cc
VIOLENCEVIOLENCE Self-reportSelf-report SubstantiationSubstantiation SubstantiationSubstantiation Self-reportSelf-report Self-reportSelf-report
Past yearPast year Past YearPast Year LifetimeLifetime Lifetime Past 6 monthLifetime Past 6 month
NeglectNeglect 1.6%1.6% 71.1%71.1% 26.3%26.3% 40%40% 27%27%
Physical AbusePhysical Abuse 4.2%4.2% 16.1%16.1% 21.7%21.7% 32%32% 24%24%
Any WitnessingAny Witnessing 9.8%9.8% ------------ ------------ 34%34% 32%32%
Emotion AbuseEmotion Abuse 7.1%7.1% 7.3%7.3% 31.7%31.7% 60%60% 15%15%
Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse 6.1%6.1% 9.1%9.1% 7.9%7.9% 30%30% 3%3%
Any maltreatmentAny maltreatment 10.2%10.2% 20.9%20.9% 87%87% ------------ 2.5%2.5%
10+ yrs 16.6% ------10+ yrs 16.6% ------ ------------ ------------ ------------
aa
National Study of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) - 2008 cycle (Finkelhor et al., 2010)National Study of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) - 2008 cycle (Finkelhor et al., 2010)
bb
National Data Archive on Child Abuse & Neglect (NCANDS) - 2008 cycleNational Data Archive on Child Abuse & Neglect (NCANDS) - 2008 cycle
cc
Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect - 2003 cycle (Trocme et al., 2005)Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect - 2003 cycle (Trocme et al., 2005)

12. Violence: What’s happening to the youth?Violence: What’s happening to the youth?
TYPE OFTYPE OF US PopulationUS Population aa
US OfficialUS Official MAP ProjectMAP Project OntarioOntario cc
VIOLENCEVIOLENCE Self-reportSelf-report SubstantiationSubstantiation SubstantiationSubstantiation Self-reportSelf-report Self-reportSelf-report
BullyingBullying 36.8% ------36.8% ------ ----- 19-29%----- 19-29% ee
22-27%22-27% dd
Dating violenceDating violence 1.4% 9.9%1.4% 9.9% bb
------ 25%------ 25% ff
------------
DelinquencyDelinquency
- Damaged SomethingDamaged Something 9.9% 15.8%9.9% 15.8%
- Sold drugsSold drugs 12.1% 10.0%12.1% 10.0%
- Taken <$50 itemsTaken <$50 items 9.1%9.1% 14.2%14.2%
- Taken > $50 itemsTaken > $50 items 5.3% 5.0%5.3% 5.0%
- Beat up someoneBeat up someone 12.3% 10.6%12.3% 10.6%
- Broke into locked buildingBroke into locked building 6.3% 4.5%6.3% 4.5%
- Carried a weaponCarried a weapon 15.8% 8.7%15.8% 8.7%
- Taken part gang fightsTaken part gang fights 10.3% 4.8%10.3% 4.8%
aa
National Study of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) - 2008 cycle (Finkelhor et al., 2010)National Study of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) - 2008 cycle (Finkelhor et al., 2010)
bb
Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance Survey (YRBSS) (physical victimization 8.8% female, 11% male) – 2007 cycleYouth Risk Behaviour Surveillance Survey (YRBSS) (physical victimization 8.8% female, 11% male) – 2007 cycle
cc
Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect - 2003 cycle (Trocme et al., 2005)Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect - 2003 cycle (Trocme et al., 2005)
dd
(victimization – perpetration) Since start of school year – Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS) – 2003 cycle(victimization – perpetration) Since start of school year – Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS) – 2003 cycle
EE
(victimization – perpetration) Past 6 months as per MAP Project questionnaire(victimization – perpetration) Past 6 months as per MAP Project questionnaire
ff
Past Year dating violence victimization as per the Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Inventory questionnaire “..hit, slap, or physically hurt you”Past Year dating violence victimization as per the Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Inventory questionnaire “..hit, slap, or physically hurt you”

13. Alcohol Use: What’s happening to the youthAlcohol Use: What’s happening to the youth??
TYPE OFTYPE OF MAP ProjectMAP Project OntarioOntario cc
ALCOHOL USEALCOHOL USE Self-reportSelf-report SubstantiationSubstantiation
Past Year Alcohol UsePast Year Alcohol Use 32.6%32.6% 58.2%58.2%
Past month binge drinking (5+ drinks)Past month binge drinking (5+ drinks) 25.9%25.9% 25%25%
Past month drunkenessPast month drunkeness 35.6%35.6% 23%23%
Hazardous drinking (AUDIT)Hazardous drinking (AUDIT) 37.4%37.4% 21%21%
Smoking cigarettesSmoking cigarettes 42.0%42.0% 11.8%11.8%
Daily cigarette useDaily cigarette use 35.5%35.5% 5%5%
aa
National Study of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) - 2008 cycle (Finkelhor et al., 2010)National Study of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) - 2008 cycle (Finkelhor et al., 2010)
bb
National Data Archive on Child Abuse & Neglect (NCANDS) - 2008 cycleNational Data Archive on Child Abuse & Neglect (NCANDS) - 2008 cycle
cc
Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey – 2009 cycleOntario Student Drug Use and Health Survey – 2009 cycle

14. Illegal Drugs: What’s happening to youth?Illegal Drugs: What’s happening to youth?
TYPE OFTYPE OF MAP Youth Ontario YouthMAP Youth Ontario Youthcc
DRUG USEDRUG USE Self-reportSelf-report Self-reportSelf-report
Past Year cannabisPast Year cannabis 50.8%50.8% 25.6%25.6%
Past month cannabisPast month cannabis 28.9%28.9% 17%17%
Daily cannabisDaily cannabis 16.1%16.1% 3%3%
Non-medical prescription drug useNon-medical prescription drug use 19.2%19.2% 17.8%17.8%
Other drugsOther drugs dd
23.3%23.3% 5-7%5-7%
Potential drug use problem (CRAFFT)Potential drug use problem (CRAFFT) 23.9%23.9% 16%16%
cc
OntarioStudent Drug Use and Health Survey – 2009 cycleOntarioStudent Drug Use and Health Survey – 2009 cycle
dd
Other drugs include: LSD, Cocaine, crack, heroin, crystal ,meth, solvents, etc.Other drugs include: LSD, Cocaine, crack, heroin, crystal ,meth, solvents, etc.

15. Ungar’s Resilience MeasureUngar’s Resilience Measure
Resilience Questionnaire (5-point scale)= Buffer VariableResilience Questionnaire (5-point scale)= Buffer Variable aa
Overall Mean (SD) (30 items) 3.7 (0.74)
Item Sampling – MAP Youth Resposes
3) Getting an education important to you? 4.4 (1.01)
4) Do your parent(s) / guardian(s) watch you closely? 2.8 (1.39)
9) Spiritual beliefs a source of strength? 2.9 (1.52)
11) Do people think you are fun to be with? 4.2 (0.95)
13) Able to solve problems without using illegal drugs/alcohol? 4.2 (1.28)
22) Participate in organized religious activities? 2.3 (1.52)
28b) Are you proud of your nationality? 4.3 (1.13)
aa
Child Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) (Ungar et al., 2008) (30 items, 5-point response scale from 1=“Not atChild Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) (Ungar et al., 2008) (30 items, 5-point response scale from 1=“Not at
All” to 5=“A Lot”)All” to 5=“A Lot”)

16. Self-CompassionSelf-Compassion
 Healthy form of self-acceptance,Healthy form of self-acceptance,
tendency to treat self kindly in face oftendency to treat self kindly in face of
perceived inadequacy, by engaging inperceived inadequacy, by engaging in
self-soothing and positive self-talk;self-soothing and positive self-talk;
recognizing discomfort as part of beingrecognizing discomfort as part of being
human, promoting a sense ofhuman, promoting a sense of
connection to others, able to faceconnection to others, able to face
painful thoughts by quelling self-pitypainful thoughts by quelling self-pity
and “melodrama.”and “melodrama.”
 Protect againstProtect against excessiveexcessive oror unrealisticunrealistic
negative self-feelings or self-thoughtsnegative self-feelings or self-thoughts
 (Neely et al., 2009)(Neely et al., 2009)

17. Self-Compassion ScaleSelf-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003(Neff, 2003))
6 subscales & Total Score:6 subscales & Total Score:
a.a. Self-KindnessSelf-Kindness: “I try to be loving towards myself when I’m feeling: “I try to be loving towards myself when I’m feeling
emotional pain.” (vulnerability self-accepting)emotional pain.” (vulnerability self-accepting)
b.b. Self-Judgment: “Self-Judgment: “I can be a bit cold-hearted towards myself when I'mI can be a bit cold-hearted towards myself when I'm
experiencing suffering.experiencing suffering.”” (harsh self-critical)(harsh self-critical)
c.c. Common HumanityCommon Humanity: “I try to see my failings as part of the human: “I try to see my failings as part of the human
condition.” (global attribution, perspective-taking)condition.” (global attribution, perspective-taking)
d.d. IsolationIsolation: “When I fail at something that's important to me, I tend to: “When I fail at something that's important to me, I tend to
feel alone in my failure.” (perceived social isolation)feel alone in my failure.” (perceived social isolation)
e.e. MindfulnessMindfulness: “When something painful happens I try to take a: “When something painful happens I try to take a
balanced view of the situation.” (low depressogenic responses)balanced view of the situation.” (low depressogenic responses)
f.f. Over-identifiedOver-identified “When something upsets me I get carried away with my“When something upsets me I get carried away with my
feelings.” (emotional reactivity)feelings.” (emotional reactivity)

18. One route to resiliency: Self-compassionOne route to resiliency: Self-compassion
MAP Youth Self-CompassionMAP Youth Self-Compassion aa
Overall Mean (SD) (all 26 items) 3.2 (0.62)
Self Kindness Subscale 3.0 (0.72)
Self Judgment Subscale 3.3 (0.97)
Common Humanity Items 3.0 (0.93)
Isolation Items 3.3 (1.02)
Mindfulness Items 3.1 (0.79)
Over-identified Items 3.3 (1.02)
aa
Self Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) (26 items, 5-point response scale from 1=“Almost Never” to 5=“Almost Always”) (MAP 2-year test)Self Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) (26 items, 5-point response scale from 1=“Almost Never” to 5=“Almost Always”) (MAP 2-year test)

20. Self-judgment, over-identification, isolation, increase withSelf-judgment, over-identification, isolation, increase with
PTSD symptoms; Self-kindness decreases with PTSDPTSD symptoms; Self-kindness decreases with PTSD
symptomssymptoms

21. Self-Judgment, over-identification, isolation, increases withSelf-Judgment, over-identification, isolation, increases with
psychological symptomspsychological symptoms
More somatisization, anxiety, hostilityMore somatisization, anxiety, hostility  Less mindfulnessLess mindfulness

22. Maltreatment, self-compassion, resilienceMaltreatment, self-compassion, resilience
I don’t want to cry…I understand that now..I amI don’t want to cry…I understand that now..I am
not Janet Jackson or Madonna on the inside. Inot Janet Jackson or Madonna on the inside. I
always thought I was someone different on thealways thought I was someone different on the
inside. And if they could see inside me theyinside. And if they could see inside me they
would see something lovely and not keepwould see something lovely and not keep
laughing at me and throwing spitballs…at me.laughing at me and throwing spitballs…at me.
Mommy and Daddy would recognized me as…Mommy and Daddy would recognized me as…
as I don’t know,as I don’t know, Precious!Precious!
p. 125, Claireece Precious Jones,p. 125, Claireece Precious Jones, Push,Push, by Sapphire, 1996, currently a movie,by Sapphire, 1996, currently a movie,
“Precious”“Precious”