this organization was formed against the Spaniards who are abusing our rights, many have sacrificed their lives but this has also been the way to strengthen what they are fighting for

1. 4. The Nation and National History : The Katipunan
Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Mariano Ponce,

2. The Filipinos in Spain headed by Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Jose Rizal, Graciano
Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and others desired for reforms in the
Philippines, Thus they organized the propaganda movement. However, the
Differences between Del Pilar and Jose Rizal made the organization weaker,
Despite the efforts exerted by Del Pilar to keep the movement active. This
was aggravated by the problem of lack of Funds which caused the death of
La solidaridad, the mouthpiece of the propaganda.

3. Meanwhile the “Anak ng bayan” in the archipelago
started to strengthen themselves into a solid group
to put an end to the Abuses colonizers. When Rizal
returned to the Philippines, he Organized the La
Liga Filipina on July 3, 1892.

4. The Following objectives were cited by Rizal: Unite the entire Archepilago into a compact
and homogenous body; protection for all; defense against abuses and injustice.
The objectives of the La Liga placed strong emphasis on the importance of Education,
agriculture, industry and justice for all, the reason why there was a strong link between
the La Liga and the Founders of the Katipunan.
When Rizal was arrested and Deported on July 6, 1892, The Kataastaasang, Kagalang
galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng bayan was formally organized.

5. It could awaken the minds of the people for them to rise and fight the colonizers. It could
be the means in which natives, the ilustrados, the mestizos and the Spaniards born in the
Philippines who were also subjected to unfair treatment and injustice, could join united
to fight the colonizers. Bonifacio They joined forces to ask for reforms, Bonifacio were the
original members of the La Liga.

6. When Rizal organized the Liga, he was already of the belief that the Philippines would
be separated from Spain. He was not keen on the use of Revolution as a means to
separate from Spain but he believed that it could happen.
Rizal, served as the inspiration of the educated Filipinos, He was as well accepted by
the “Anak ng bayan” as their messiah who like Jesus Christ, Redeemed the people
from sin in order to obtain life that was free from physical and emotional abuses.

7. Elected officers of the Liga were, Ambrocio Salvador, President, Agustin de la Roza, fiscal,
Bonifacio Arevalo, treasurer, and Deodato Arellano,
secretary, The Organization of the Liga was made more significant by the presence of
Andres Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini, Isidro Francisco, Juan Zulueta and Timoteo Pelaez.
In accepting Members, the Katipunan used ritual and symbols,. Showed the importance it
gave popular traditions. In initiating the members, they were blindfolded, brought into
dark area where their determination and courage would be put to a test.

8. 5. Katipunan as Political Organization
The Katipunan as a national organization was born, grew, and supported by the people. It
mirrored the point of view, aspirations and experiences of those who brought themselves
into the organization.
The Katipunan was the result of the collective aspiration of the people and was not the
vehicle which united them. It could not be denied that the Katipunan was the pillar of the
aspirations and sentiments of the people.

9. Ileto (1979) looked at the Katipunan (1979), as a combined religious and political
organization. As stated earlier, the organization was born and grew from the people.
As a political organization, the objectives and direction of the Katipunan could be considered
national. According to Teodoro Kalaw, the aim of the Katipunan was to awaken a national
sentiment to deliver the Filipino race from the abuses of Spain. Even Emilio Jacinto believed
that the aim of the Katipunan was for the entire archipelago, stating that the Tagalog language
referred to all natives of the archipelago.

10. From the point of view of Isabelo de los Reyes, Katipunan had three different but
interconnected objectives – Political, Social and Moral.
The Katipunan was founded to be free from the Spaniards through a revolution. It was clear
that Bonifacio wanted to form a government that would take care of the people after Spain
was toppled down.

11. The Katipunan was national as shown in the structure of the government Bonifacio formed,
which was divided into three – the Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Sanggunian) Headed
by a President/Supremo with officials like fiscal, secretary, and secretary of the treasury ;
Sangguniang Bayan ; and Sangguniang Balangay ;
Comparing this structure to the present structure of government, The Supreme Council
is the National Government, the Sangguniang Bayan is the provincial government and
the Sangguniang balangay, the Municipal Government.

12. Comparing this structure to the present structure of government, The Supreme Council is
the National Government, the Sangguniang Bayan is the provincial government and the
Sangguniang balangay, the Municipal Government.
Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban were from Kalibo, Capiz in the Visayas.
These two members of the Katipunan provided the money used in the purchase of
machine for the printing of the Kalayaan, The organ of the association.

13. Before the outbreak of the 1896 revolution, the supreme Council of the Katipunan
had its election which would compose the Katipunan government. Elected were ;
Andres Bonifacio, Supremo ; Emilio Jacinto ; State Secretary ; Teodoro Plata, Secretary
of Justice ; Aguedo del Rosario, Secretary of the interior, And Enrique Pacheco,
Secretary of Finance.
The La Illustration Espanola Americana Published on February 8, 1897, Recognized the
national status of the Katipunan. In the issue the Katipunan government was referred as
the Republika ng Katagalugan. Its also had Bonifacio’s picture which labelled as Titulado
Presidente de la Republica Tagala.

14. 6. Analysis of the Kartilya as a Historical Source : The Kartilya as Stream of Historical
Knowledge
As already discussed, the Katipunan is an organization that sprout from the people and
pushed for the genuine welfare of their rank. It represented the collective sentiments of
the people, their advocacy, grievance and consciousness.
The Kartilya emanates from the collective experience of the people and served as norms
that must be followed by the members. The Kartilya served as a social glue that bound
the anak ng bayan to resist colonial oppression. As members of the Katipunan, everyone
was expected to act always for the common good for Inang Bayan.

15. It Is also good to note that this policy was a direct challenge to the growing number of
Filipino middle class to make a clear stand and contribute to the betterment of the country
and the people. On the other hand, this was a direct insult to those Filipinos who had the
money and resources to share but still chose not to be involved with the movement either
directly or even as a mere supporter only.
Rule number two of the Kartilya emphasized the importance of doing good things
without expecting anything in return. Members of the Katipunan were expected to treat
all people fairly not considering whatever ethnic group they belong.

16. Rule number three which can be summarized as love for others or kapwa is substantially
connected to the rule number two. Jacinto noted that holiness could be manifested
through the service that we extend to others and not just by following the teachings of
the church.
Rule number four is a direct challenge to the espoused mythology of the Spaniards
regarding their racial superiority. It is good to mention that the Katipunan values the
human person.

17. Rule number five of the Kartilya showcased the importance given by the Katipunan
organization to the honor that is innate to human beings. In Filipino society, Honor is
Fundamental part of being human . This rule can be best understood in the context of
recruiting members of the Katipunan to reflect on their social condition.
Rule number six is a simple reminder to all members of the Katipunan to value their
word. In a society that value communal relationship, words are considered contract
that bind the parties together.

18. Rule number seven clearly indicates the importance of accomplishing the task assigned
to the anak ng bayan: The dedication to work and the commitment to the katiparan of
the members of the Katipunan is a clear testament that the Filipinos are not indolent.
Historical documents show that the members of the Katipunan were working class.
Rule number eight is an explicit message to anak ng bayan to resist oppression.
Members of the secret patriotic society were always reminded to bear in mind that
their noble obligation was to promote the common good.

19. Rule number nine Reminds the anak ng bayan to be loyal to the cause of the Katipunan.
Rule number ten reiterates the very important role and expectation to man. This does
not mean to underestimate the equally important role of women in society but just a
matter of emphasizing the special role of man in the realization of the
communal/societal order.

20. Rule number eleven, showcased the important role of women in society. This is in great
contrast to the way women were treated in the Spanish colonial society in which
women were expected to just follow and be always subservient to their husbands.
Rule number twelve the religious aspect of the brotherhood was clearly stated wherein
love and respect for our brethren are emphasized. At one point this can also be
considered as a way of convincing the people that the cause of the Katipunan was noble
and sacred.

21. Rule number Thirteen is a reiteration of the equality of human race. This is a clear
political statement against the existing hegemony espousing the colonial mythology
regarding the superiority of tha Spaniards. This is a simple summary of the political cause
of the Katipunan.
The Kartilya of the Katipunan played a vital role in realizing the objectives of the secret
patriotic society. It can be glimpsed that the author of the Kartilya used the language that
could be understood by the members.
The Kartilya of the Katipunan played a vital role in realizing the objectives of the secret
patriotic society. It can be glimpsed that the

22. 7. Editorial Cartoons as Historical Mainspring
In Philippine society, good interpersonal relationship is a social form. Filipinos are naturally
a happy people. In this view, editorial cartoon is a potent tool that can be used to express
the sentiments of the people.
Since the Filipinos are happy people, Teasing as a part of the day-to-day life of an ordinary
Filipino. As Explained by the advocate of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, this attitude is natural,
especially in a country which a has strong sense of communalism. This innate character of
the Filipinos was used as weapon to criticize American Policy in the Country.

23. The art of teasing was complimented by the innate talent of the Filipinos in
painting/sketching. During the time when freedom was very limited, Filipinos used the
power of arts to liberate society.

24. ‘’Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era”
Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces 1985
Searching for the Queen
(Published in Lipang Kalabaw, January 18, 1908)

25. The cartoon shows how strong the desire of the United States to turn the interest of
the Filipinos to popular American Culture.
This was a way of directing and reframing the Filipino consciousness to American
popular culture and to divert the attention of the people from the problems besetting
the country.
This editorial cartoon depicts the search for a beautiful women who could join the
Carnival Queen contest. This activity had become a big annual event which consumed
the interest and time of the American colonial government in the Country

26. The first women who joined the contest all belonged to the wealthy families in the
Country. They were Josefina Ocampo, Purita Villanueva, Leonardo Limjap and Pilar Reyes
Cobarrubias.
But It could not be denied that the Manila Carnival was very popular. In Fact, many
prominent personalities in the nation’s history became active in the search for a queen

27. A Public Post Is Not Hereditary Crown
(Published in The Independent, May 20 1916)

28. The political cartoon show what seems to be a transfer of the crown Dr. Santos, a
politician from Tondo, to Dr. Barcelona, his brother -in-law, as if the position he
occupied was his personal property which he could give to anyone he liked.
The caricature scene is still very much relevant today. Despite the constitution provision
prohibiting political dynasty, this political practice of many farmilie in the country is still
very prevalent

29. Is the Police Force Bribed
(Published in the independent June9,1917)

30. The picture was pencilied by Fernando Amorsolo. It was a critic of the rotten system in the
colonial bureaucracy, especially in the picture force. He believed, were reponsible for
corrupting the authorities. We can still find some similarities of this situation in the present
Philippine society.
Corruption is still one of the serious problem besetting the country. Every Philippine
administration has tried its best to address problem but seems no solution is at hand to
check this malady that had been ingrained in the character of the people.

31. Where the Mosquito is King
(Published in The Philippines Free Press, April 15, 1921)

32. The editorial cartoon was a criticism against the board of Health because of its failure to
address the problem of mosquitoes in Metro Manila Which Caused the outbreak of
numerous diseases in Metro Manila during that period
Today despite the advance in science, the country is still beset by problems in health and
sanitation. Metro Manila for one has become so dirty that mosquitoes and other insects
and pests abound

33. The” Reign of Terror” (Published in the Philippines Free Press February 28,
1920)
The caricature shows one of the biggest challenges faced by Metro Manila at the
start of the American administration. The presence of automobiles surprised the
Filipinos in the Metro Manila Area.

34. Why Worry
(Published in the Philippines Free Press August 22, 1931)

35. The cartoon shows the geographical realities of the city of manila situated at the
mouth of the pasig river, the capital city is a natural catch basin. this also show the
poor condition of the capital’s drainage and sewerage system.
This is the reality of Philippines politics. Many politicians are codding and protecting many
bad element in society for their own interest. During election time.
The politicians, too, resort to all kinds of cheap gimmickry to endear themselves to the
voters. It happened then it still happening todays

36. Equal work unequal salary. Why?
(Published in the independent, October 23 1915)

37. This editorial cartoon showed the unequal treatment given to teacher during the
unequal treatment given to teacher during the American period. The American teacher
were paid more and the Filipino teacher less but they performed the same job. This
was a clear manifestation of racial discrimination practiced by the colonizers

38. The new south
(Published in the Free Press, April 5 1930)
Mindanao, the land of promise. This is where the young Filipinos then were enticed to go
for a brighter future
The migration of Christian Filipinos to Mindanao and occupying the land which originally
belong to the indigenous Filipinos is one of the causes of the conflict which has existed
for decades already. But until today, the promised land has been undeveloped.

39. Seeing the Philippines in
JUAN LUNA’S SPOLIARIUM

40. Spoliarium, Juan Luna’s colossal painting greets any visitor to the national museum and
one cannot help but think of its significance and relevance to the history of the country
One of the best known paintings in the country, Juan Luna’s “Spolarium” brought
historical triumph not just to Luna but also to the Philippines in 1884, when in bested
Spanish artists and won as a first-class medal in the Madrid Exposition of fine arts.
“Spolarium” was name given to the Roman Colleseum basement where fallen gladiators
were thrown in after combat which is depicted in the life sized piece. Currently on display
in National Museum of Arts , the 4.22 x 7.675 meter oil on canvas is is considered the
largest painting in the country.

41. 1. What was the date that rizal organized the La liga Filipina?
2. When Rizal arrested and Deported?
3. What Date the Mosquito is King published?
4. What date the police force Bribed Published?
5. What date the public post is not hereditary crown published?
July 03, 1892, July 06, 1892
May 20, 1916, June 9, 1917,
April 15, 1921

42. 6. Considered the Largest painting in the country?
7.Who Painted Spoliarium?
8-10. Give At least 3 Filipinos Headed in Spain?

43. 1. July 03 1892 2. July 06 1892 3. April 15, 1921
4. June 9 1917 5. May 20, 1916
6. Spoliarium 7. Juan Luna
8-10. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Mariano Ponce.