Computer Organization and Architecture

1. Introduction
Computer Organization and Architecture: Lesson 1

2. ORGANIZATION VS. ARCHITECTURE
Computer Organization Computer Architecture
 Physical aspects of
a computer system
 Study on how various
circuits and
components fit
together to create a
working computer
 Logical Aspects of a
computer system
 Focuses on the
structure and
behavior of a
computer system

3. MAIN COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Processor
•Interpret and execute programs
Memory
•Store both data and programs
I/O
Mechanism
•Transfer data to and from
outside world
Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software:
Anything that can be done with software can also be done with
hardware, and anything that can be done with hardware can also be
done with software.

4. Example
Computer System
 Pentium III 667 MHz
133 MHz 64MB SDRAM
32KB L1 cache, 256 KB
L2 cache
30GB EIDE hard drive
(7200 RPM)
48x max variable CD-
ROM
2 USB ports, 1 serial
port, 1 parallel port
19 “ monitor, 24mm AG,
1280x1024 at 85 GHz
Intel 3D AGP Graphics
Card
56K PCI Voice Modem
64-bit PCI soundcard

5. A Look Inside the Computer:

6. STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
Computer
Manufacturers have
agreed to comply
with connectivity and
operational
specifications
established by a
number of
government and
industry
organizations.
 Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
 International
Telecommunications Union
(ITU)
 American National
Standards Institute
(ANSI)
 International Organization
on Standardization (ISO)

7. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Generation
Zero:
Mechanical
Calculating
Machines
Generation
One: Vacuum
Tube
Computers
Generation
Two:
Transistorized
Computes
Generation
Three:
Integrated
Circuit
Computers
Generation
Four:
VLSI
Computers

8. MOORE’S LAW
“The density of
transistors in
an integrated
circuit will
double every
year.”
-Gordon Moore

9. THE COMPUTER LEVEL HIERARCHY
User
High-Level
Language
Assembly
Language
System
Software
Machine
Control
Digital
Logic

10. THE VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE

11. THE MODIFIED VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE