Wireless communication and Network

Mathematical and Simulation-Based Evaluation of 4G LTE Wireless Network
Backhaul Solution For a Rural Area Coverage.
Chanaka Lasantha Nanayakkara Wawage
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing
Master of Science Network and Information Security
Kingston University UK, Student ID: K1658833
chanaka.lasantha@gmail.com
Abstract— This Technical Paper Provides Wider
Technological Areas Where Focused into the 4G
Long Term Evaluation Architecture, Also Pointed to
Annalise And Described Basic Requirement for
Performance and Characteristics of LTE
Technology, In Additionally, That the Third-
Generation Partnership Project Also Know 3GPP
Has Been Supported for Integration Process on
Existing Radio Access Latest Technologies. In the
Main Architectural Technology for the 4G LTE Had
Have Explained Together with Possible
Enhancements Which Are Already Associated with
Challenges. In addition to the 4G LTE
Propagations, That There Are Point to Point(PTP)
Interconnectivity with Self-Backhaul Concept Also
Have Been Considered with Mathematical
Analyzing Methodology to Get Maximum
Performance with Reliability and Availability to
Facility Infrastructure Foe 4G LTE Deployments as
Well. The MATLAB Simulation Has Been
Performed to Evaluate Traffics Demand, Link
Quality, Density, Cell Propagation, OFDM
Behaviors and Throughputs of Each site, Also Each
Service Had Have Simulated the Output to Obtain
Accurate Test Data Over The MATLAB. The
Simulation Process Already Have Traffic Demand
on Each Service Over Different Percentages
Towards the End Users Where Affected With 4G
Signals, Finally, the Main Goal Was the User
Satisfaction with Better Service to Cover Rural Area.
INDEX TERMS
Introduction, Scenario for The Proposed Network
With 4G LTE, Technology Evaluation of The Total
Solution, LTE Architecture Overview for the 4G LTE
Includes Many Sections, OFDM Technology,
Concept, Receiver and MATLAB Simulation, LTE
Uplink and Downlink Behavior with Digital
Modulation and MATLAB Simulation, LTE
Orthogonality Pattern Observations and Simulating
Results with MATLAB, LTE Data Rates Calculations
and Throughput Simulating with MATLAB, Effective
Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP) On Wireless System,
Received Power Calculation, Path Loss Analyzing,
Link Budget Calculation on PTP Links (Example
Calculations), Effect of Earth Reflection, Effect of
Refractions and Radio Horizon, Interference Effect on
Transceivers, Recommendation for The Given with
Simulation, Mitigation of Wireless Fading
Criticalness, Introduced Diversity Reception
Techniques Over PTP Radio Links, Conclusion.
I.INTRODUCTION
The Net generation wireless technologies have
become very popular rapidly since last decade to
server geographically isolated and mobile consumers
as well as fixed residential users, also more
specifically in hotspots, smartphones, corporate
wireless customers already came into the competition
among Wireless Service providers. The Radio Access
Network (RAN) can be classified into the two sections
long Term Evaluation and the System Architecture
Evaluation as the core of the System, in additionally,
the Evolved Packet System derive modern 4G LTE
architecture towards new era to entirely provide high
efficient, very low latency with optimized packet
delivery over secured interconnectivity where covered
from latest cryptography mechanisms [1].
The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) is major design part in the 4G LTE
architecture which can provide massive support to
overcome frequency spectrum utilization by avoiding
the inter-symbol interferences behavior in order to

mitigate drawback of performance of the high-speed
4G LTE wireless system, also Multi input multi
output (MIMO) antenna techniques have been
boosted the data rate of the certain system, In
additionally, that the very fast 4G LTE system
enforced with quality of service (QoS) features to
support prioritization of the Realtime video and
audio traffics. The backward compatibility will be
smoothly survived with QoS traffic shaping
mechanism successfully and that had have archived
lower network internetworking towards reliability,
also the LTE reached Shannon bandwidth very
closed to the practical limit by providing backward
compatibility [2].
Figure 1: Overall Solution with LTE and PTP
II. THE SCENARIO AND TECHNOLOGY
EVALUATION OF THE TOTAL
SOLUTION.
A. The Concept of 4G-LTE Architecture.
Figure 2: 4G-LTE Architecture.
In LTE Architecture, That There Are eNodeB
Always Connected with the S-Gateway and The
MME To Be Managed Authentication, Also MME
Tells To S-GW Handover the UE (Mobile User)
When He Travelling One Tower to Another Tower.
But Directly UE Cannot Request Handover Process
Form The S-GW Without MME, Also MME Has
Shared Pool Therefore Every Time UE Does Not
Need to Ask Authentication Request from The HSS
Because Of The MME Cashing, In Additionally User
Content Also Switched into The Current eNodeB
Without Interrupting Called Mobility Between
Towers. The HSS Holding Same Behavior Of HLR,
VLR And AUTH Functions. Therefor MME Shared
Pool Handover User Content When the UE Travels
Far Away from Existing Cell Cluster Also Possible.
Therefore, Inter MME Signaling Behavior Can Serve
the Content Management Over Mobility Management.
The P-GW Will Forward and Receive Bulk of Internet
Data According to The PCRF Policy Management
Rule Functionality.
Figure 3: LTE Characteristics.
B. 4G-LTE Parameters, Latency and Delay.
Latency and Delay Components:
❖ Individual and Overall Processing Delay
Which Are Depend on CPU Utilization,
Memory as Well As Load.
❖ Individual and Overall Serialization Delay
Which Are Depend on Delivering Packet
Size and Interface Speed.
❖ Signalling and Data Queuing Delay Which
Are Depend Upon Packets Inside Queue as
Well As The Serialization.
❖ Individual and Overall Propagation Delay
Which Are Depend on Distance Between
Network Components and Type of Media.
❖ Individual and Overall Throughput Which
Is Inversely Proportional to The Certain
Roundtrip Delay.

Figure 4: Delay Map of each component.
C. 4G-LTE System and Network Security.
Figure 5: LTE Core Security Illustration.
There Is Possible Threat Where Generated by
Exceeded Authentication Request Towards on MME
from eNodeB. Also, Possible to Give DOS Attacks
in Download Direction from Outside Network
Including Internet, Spewing Attacks, Session Hijack
Attacks as Well As Sync Attacks, Smurf Attack, Ping
Death ICMP Attacks Are Major Threat to The
Regional Datacenter Security. Therefore, Provider
Need to Mitigate Vulnerabilities After Doing a
Proper Penetration Testing Based on Vulnerability
Results.
D. EPC Recommended Gateway Locations
According to the MME, SGW and PGW.
The Moderate Distribution for MME Must Be Less
Larceny Smaller Than 50ms From the EnodeB
Towards MME Including Faster Signaling as Well
As Call Setup, Also MME Pool Shearing Enhanced
the Scaling with Geographical Areas Redundancy as
Well. S-GW and P-GW Distributed into Different
Location by Meeting the Requirement of Close to
Edge Feature Which Is Including Ability to
Effectively Server Video Streaming Locally, In
Additionally the Approximability Latency Is Not
Greater Than 50ms Away from EnodeB To Archive
Better User Experience, Also Had Have an Ability to
Place Either in Co-Locate or Co-Host S-GW and P-
GW Accordingly. The Centralized Distribution of
The HSS Cause to Gain Lowest Latency Smaller
Than 100ms Which Is Impact on Bearer Set-Up, Also
the Partitioning Process Possible on HSS As the Front
End as Well As Backend If the Design Is Allowed.
The Functionality Of SPR/DBE Is Properly
Centralized to Obtain the Less Amount of Latency
Average Less Than 100ms Which Is Impact with
Database Quarries as Well As Sync Process, Also
Possible to Replicate Centralize Database Form
Multiple Salve Database Locations. In Additionally It
Is Co-Located Friendly with HSS Backend
Effectively. The Centralized PCRF Functionality and
the Latency Less Than 100ms Which is Allowed
Policy Download and Updates Towards to the HSS.
The DNS Lease and Tracking Centralized, The APN
Tracked By MME, Also UE Already Co-Located
With P-GW Including Internet DNS Used for Inbound
Quarries as The Centralize Manner. AAA Radius
Authentication Used For 3GPP Also in Centralized
Mode, At the Other Hand, the DHCP Provides by Ipv6
As the Centralized Manner [3].
E. LTE Evaluation of the UE, eNodeB And MME with
MATLAB.
In Architecture As Part Of E-UTRAN And Enhanced
Packet Core (EPC), The Combinations Of MIMO,
OFDMA, TDM, FDD, FEC And Channel Coding
Techniques Have Been Taken Place To Perform UE
Signal Reliability And Quality Effectively, Also
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) Act Main Functionality To Serve An
Advanced Antenna Technology To Deliver With
More And More Signal Diversity Reception
Techniques, In Additionally , That The MIMO,
Multilayer And Beam Forming Technology
Supported To The Anti-Multipath Effect Mitigation
As Well As Good Signal Penetration Under NLOS
Condition As Well, Also The LTE Can Operate
Newest And Existing Frequency Bands And Over The
FDD And TDD Mechanism Where Had Have An
Ability Operate With Modulation Techniques Such As
QPSK, 16QAM And 64QAM And Performed Over
The Strong Channel Coding Techniques Work
Together To Provide Better Signal Penetration Due To
Any Kind Of Poor Channel Medium Condition
Against To The Air Interface Losses, In Additionally,
It Was 15khz Signal Tones Cause To Provide Long
Symbol Time To Archive Disturbances Against To
The Multipath Propagation Situations And The Issue
Of Time Dispersion [4].

F. OFDM Technology, Concept, Receiver and
MATLAB Simulation.
In The 4G LTE Cellular Communication Network,
That the Signal Quality Was Received by A User
Equipment Has Been Depend on Channel Medium
Quality Average Focusing to The Serving Cell Area,
Also the Margin of Signal Interference from
Adjacent Cells as Well As Noise Level.
Figure 6: Sample QPSK Modulated Signals.
To Get Maximum Optimized System Capacity with
Enhanced Coverage for The Certain Provided
Transmitted Power, Also the Must Be Keep Trying
to Match the Data Rate for The Information Among
Each Other Users with Various Signal Conditions
Quality Levels. The Multiple Antenna Technology
In A Multi-User Connectivity Scenario Had Have
Provided Delivery Pattern With Spatially
Multiplexed Workflow Towards To The Different
Subscriber Users Over MIMO Signal Penetration
Technology To Improved Good Reception Quality
As Shown Figure 3, Also The Shown MIMO
Enhanced Architecture Is Provides An Adaptive
Multimode Transceiver Technology Over The
Higher Data Rate As Well As More Wider Coverage
Area Than The Traditional Technology, In
Additionally Enhanced MIMO Technology Had
Have Ability To Selecting Suitable And Appropriate
MIMO Scheme According To The Present System
Conditions [5].
Figure 7: OFDM with 10 subcarriers
The Adaptation Pattern Is Taken Based on The
Sperate And Different Channel Characteristics
Measurements Which Are Gathered by Each Base
Station Through Effective Low Data Rate Signal
Feedback Mechanism Successfully, In addition, the
4G LTE Was Allowed Several of MIMO Enhanced
Technologies to Serve Reliable Coverage.
Figure 8: MIMO Behavior.
The SDMA (Space-Division Multiple Access)
Concept Has Been Formed As An Intelligent
Technology To Serve Signal Radiation Pattern
Among The eNodeb Base Station Capable Of
Handling Each Subscriber User’s Signal Strength
With Possible Gain In The Direction Of A User To
Obtain Minimum Possible Signal Gain Between User
And eNodeb, Also In The Intelligence Way Of Self-
Learning Mechanism Of LTE Obviously Lies Over
The eNodeb Base Station To Gather Maximum
Possible Data Throughput And The Signal Sub Carrier
Allocation Of Each User Equipment And Decide The
Resource Allocations Accordingly.

Figure 9: Adaptive modulation with SNR-IN.
The Link Adaptation Is Typically Based on The
Adaptive Modulation and Coding Techniques, Also
the Modulation Scheme Has Been Defined in Low
Order Modulation Such as Few Data Bits Which Are
Modulated on Symbol and Its More Tolerated Very
Higher Level of Interference but Also Provides Low
Amount of Transmission Bit Rate. It Was Useful in
Acceptable Level If the SINR Ration Is Reasonable
High, In Additionally for A Specific Given
Modulation, Code Ratio Also Chosen According to
The Wireless Radio Link Signal Condition.
Therefore, A Lower Code Rate Will Have Occurred
When Its Use in Poor Channel Signal Condition as
Well As Higher Code Rate Will Be Taken If the
SINR Is High [6].
Therefore, It Is Considerable Only When the Amount
of SINR Is High, Also for A Given Condition Od
Modulation, The Required Code Rate Had Have
Chosen Regarding on The Wireless Radio Link
Conditions. As A Result, A Lower Code Rate
Effectively Can Be Used in Poor Channel Situations
with Higher Code Generation Rate in The
Considerable Higher Amount Of SINR.
Figure 10: Adaptive modulation with SNR-OD.
The 4G LTE Technical Specifications Is Described on
Requirement Regarding on Demodulation Bit Error
Rate with Different Coding and Modulation Methods,
Also the Implementations Threshold Margins Which
Is Included to Support for Difference in SINR System
Requirement Based on Design Between Theoretical
Methods and The Practical Simulation
Implementations.
This Scenario Can Includes Way of Degradation of
The Penetrated Signal Due to Digital Processing of
The Transmit Ready Signal Before the Filtering and
Sampling (Demodulator) And Practically Use of Ideal
Demodulator in Additionally to The Diversity Gain
Which Is Lower Than 3db [7].
G. LTE Uplink and Downlink Behavior with Digital
Modulation and MATLAB Simulation.
The LTE Uplink and Downlink Behavior with Digital
Modulation and MATLAB Simulation Section Have
Been Described the Characteristics of The Down
Steam Link in MIMO Signal Transmission Which Are
Summarized in Antenna Penetration Pattern Over
MIMO. Also, The Number of Antennas in Both of The
Receiving and Transmitting Ends Has Been Increased
4 X 4 MIMO Antenna Array Configurations Had
Have the Baseline While the Maximum Possible
Configuration Of 8 × 8 MIMO Settings Are Possible
to Adopt to Archive Maximum High Peak UL/DL
Rates. In Additionally the Both Operations Have
Possibility to Serve Diversity and The Spatial
Multiplexing Mechanism Where the Feedback
Information Most Probably Sent Back to The User

Equipment (UE) According to The Radio Signaling
Condition and The UE Mobility Behavior [8].
Figure 11: OFDMA Behavior with 64QAM
The 4G LTE Uplink Have Been Provided
Considerable Improvement Over LTE Release 8
Towards Cell Coverage and Peak Data Rates, Also
in The Supportable Characteristics in the SC-FDMA
Multiple Access Technology of The LTE Release 8
Enhanced According to The Above Simulation
Which Is Primarily Consist of Extra DEF
Methodology for Precoding Phase Preceding
Regarding on The Conventional OFDMA Multiple
Access. The Baseline of The MIMO Implementation
of The LTE Have Been Changed With 4×4 MIMO
In Possible Manner, In Additionally There Are Some
Spatial Multiplexing Towards to Four Layers, Also
This Was Allowed Large Amount of Increasable in
Peak Spectrum Efficiency Which Is Getting Almost
15 Bits/Hz Over The 64QAM Modulation.
Figure 12: SC-FDMA Behavior with 64QAM.
The Signal Generation In LTE Over The Frequency
Domain Regarding LTE Uplink Had Have Enhanced
Benefit Which Are Allowed Most Similar
Parameterization For The Orthogonal Frequency
Davion (OFDM) Downlink Carrier Including The
Particular Same Subcarrier Spacing And The Number
Of Occupied Frequency Subcarriers In A Given
Amount Of Bandwidth Spectrum With Carrier Path
Length, Also This Mechanism Effectively Provides
Between Both Uplink And Downlink, Also One Of
The Important Property Of The SC-FDMA Wireless
Transmission Category Had Have Used For The 4G
LTE Derived From Own Multi Subcarrier OFDM
Signal Transmission Among Single Carrier
Characteristics [9].
H. LTE Orthogonality Pattern Observations and
Simulating Results with MATLAB.
The 4G LTE Currently Support Both Ipv4 And Ipv6
From Core Network to UE Destination and It Is
Different Form 3G Network Such As OFDMA,
MIMO As Well As System Architecture Evolution in
Additionally to The Physical Layer Where Driven by
OFDMA As Downlink (D/L and the SC-FDMA As in
The Uplink(U/L).

Figure 13: OFDMA Waveform Downlink Behavior.
The OFDM Based Wireless Systems Are Mainly
Very Sensitive Some of The Distortions Which Will
Change the Shape of Orthogonality In Between Of
the Subcarriers, Also Within the Inter-Carrier Signal
Interferences, In Additionally, The OFDMA
Provides Multiple Access Among the Multiple
Channel Frequency Over the Different Users Within
the Cell Area. The Allocated Data Symbols Are
Spread Among the Entire Frequency Bandwidth by
Keeping Orthogonality with Other Sub Carries
Focused into Data Carried the Data Symbol of Each
User. Therefore, The Time Domain Transmitted
Data Symbol Among Each User Are Never
Transmitted in Serial as For TDMA But It's in The
Parallel, Also Each LTE Users Does Not Have Entire
Frequency Spectrum Band but Some Portion, as Well
As Symbol Duration, Are Longer. As A Result, The
OFDMA System Is Always Robust in Front of Time
Delays Caused by The Multipath Fading Regarding
the Frequency Selectivity of The Wireless Radio
Channel, also It has High Value of Peak-To-Average
Power Ratio at The EnodeB BTS Tower [10].
Figure 14: SC-FDMA Waveform Unlink Behavior.
The Data Symbols Do Not Directly Assign to With
Each Sub Carrier Frequency In SC-FDMA
Independently Compared to The OFDMA Instead of
The Signal Which Was Assigned on Each Subcarrier
in A Linear Combination of All of Modulated Data
Symbols Were Transmitted at The Same Time
Instance of Occurrence. As a Result, The SC-FDMA
can have lowest Peak-To-Average Power Ratio to
save UE Power Consumption.
I. LTE Data Rates Calculations and Throughput
Simulating with MATLAB.
The Coordination Precoding at Every Base Station
Has to Archives Better Beamforming Process in Order
to Improve the Sum of The Throughput as Well As
The Reduction of An Interference. The eNodeB
Makes Its Independent Decisions by Learning Signal
Pattern but Additional Information on User's Channel
Signal Conditions Is Necessary in Order to Process a
More Enhanced and Optimal Scheduling with
Beamforming.
Figure 15: eNBx Signaling Behavior.
Although the Transmission Data Are Required for
Transmitting Form Several Sites, Also the Its
Simultaneously Latter Uses The Required Fast Cell
Selection Mechanism And Some Of Them Can
Transmit Data At A Time, In Additionally, This Very
Advanced Pair Of Techniques Specifically And
Particularly Beneficial Among Cell Edges
Throughput, But The Joint Transmission Scheme
Specifically Considered, That The Transmission
Points Of Correspond Towards Different Cell Area
And Clusters Of eNodeB Must Rapidly Jointly Decide
On The Data Transmission Pattern Of A Signal Into
The User Equipment (UE) [11].

Figure 16: eNBx Throughput data rete Behavior-
DL.
Figure 17: eNBx Throughput data rete Behavior-
UL.
As Per Observation of The Above Simulations, The
Shannon Formula Said the Equation of Channel
Capacity Is C = B*Log (1 + S/N). Therefore, When
the SNR Ratio Is High, Then It Can Be Adopted with
Higher Oder Modulation Scheme, That Can Be
Transmitting Over the Same Allocated Bandwidth,
Also the LTE Is Used the Adaptive Modulation
According to The SNR Ration of a Transmission
Link Such as Poor SNR With QPSK, Medium SNR
With 16QAM And Excellent SNR With 64QAM,
Additionally, Based on The Modulation Scheme,
The Bits Are Map on The Resource Elements, These
Resource Elements Are Aggregated with Resource
Block. One Resource Block Carrying 12 Sub
Carriers Into 6 Or 7 Symbols. According to The
Simulations LTE 20mhz Bandwidth Has 100
Resource Blocks. One Resource Block Has 12 Sub
Carriers Into 6 Or 7 Symbols. Therefore, 1 Sub
Carrier Has 1 Symbol.
1 * 12 * 6 = 84 RBs, 84 * 100 = 8400 Resource
Elements, Also These 8400 Resource Elements Are
Available In 0.5ms, And In 1 Second, 0.5ms * 2000
Times Resource Elements Are Available. In 64qam,
6bit Transmitted in Each Resource Element.
6 * 2 * 8400 * 2000 = 201.6M/Sec, But in Practically,
We Have to Reduce Some Amount of Percentages of
Slowness Among 6% Of Cyclic Prefix, 10% Of Guard
Band, 10% Of Signaling Overhead And 14% Of Pilot
Overhead. As A Result, The Summations of All of
Them Are 40%. Therefore, the actual throughput of
the download link is 201.6M/s * 40% equal to
120M/Sec.
J. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP) on
Wireless System.
In the Given Proposed Wireless System Has Sets Of
4G LTE eNodeB Base Stations and PTP Radio Links
Which Contained Electronic Radio Transmitter Units
Inside the Equipment and The EIRP Happens with
Gain of Transmitter with Power of The Transmitter as
A Multiplicative Amount, Also It Could Radiate from
Transmitter Antenna to At the Given Point of Receiver
Antenna [12].
Figure 18: PTP Coverage Footprint.
In Generally,
S = [(GT * PT )/ (4πd2
)] (w/m2) is equal to the,
S = EIRP/(4πd2
).
If the EIRP Fed to The Isotropic Radiator, Then It Is
Produced the Same Power Density of Considered
Point, As the Practical Antenna.
Figure 19: EIRP Calculation.

S = EIRP/(4πd2
)
S = (1000 * 10)/ (4π(10*10^3)2
)
S (Power Density) = 7.957 µw/m2
The Equivalent of The Two Systems Is Provided
Only at The Point (P) And Point in Either Directions
Than (P) Will Not Have an Identical (S) From in
These Two Systems.
•If the Operating Frequency Is Higher, As A Result
of the Antenna Diameter Always Decreased.
•The Gain of The Parabolic Dish Antenna Is Higher
Than Yagi Antenna.
Figure 20: 3dB Bandwidth.
For the parabolic Dish Antenna, θ3dB = 70(λ/D) deg
called 3dB Bandwidth.
K. Received Power calculation.
Figure 21: Received Power calculation.
Ae = (GR . λ2
)/4π, S = EIRP/(4πd2
),
PC = (S . Ae) watts
PC = [(PT . GT)/(4πd2
)] . (GR . λ2/4π)
Pc = PT . GT . GR . (λ/4πd)
Pc = (EIRP . GR)/FSL
The Form Of (4πd/ λ)2 Is Considered as A Loss Due
to The Travelling of The TEM Wave Over a Distance
Of (D), In Free Space. At the Other Hand It Is Not a
Real Loss Because, There Is No Loss in Free Space,
This Term Basically Represented a Correction for
Mentioned Wireless Links on Assumption, That the
EIRP Is Radiated in All Directions, Whereas the
Actual Radiation Is Focus Towards the Receiver
Antenna [13].
L. Path Loss Analyzing.
The major considerable phenomena in Wireless
communication is Free Space Loss, The FSL is Equal
to the LFS, when (D) Is Increased, Then LFS Also
Increased. At the Other Hand, when (F) Is Increased,
Then The (λ) Also Decreased and LFS Will Increasing
According to the (λ) Variations.
LFS = (4πd/d)2
Therefore, The FSL Depends on The Carrier
Frequency and The Distance of The Communication
Wireless Link.
FSL = LFS = 10*log (4πd/d)2
FSL = 20*log (4πdf)/C, if (f) is in MHz and (d) is in
(km),
FSL = [20*log (4π(f *10^6
) * (d * 10^3
))] / (3 * 10^8
)
FSL = 20*log [(40π/3)] + 20*log (f) + 20*log (d)
FSLdB = 32.5 + 20*log (f)Mhz + 20*log (d)km
Then, Pc = (PT . GT . GR) / LFS
In dB form is [14],
Pc(dB) = PT +GT +GR - LFS
M. Link Budget Calculation on PTP Links (Example
Calculations).
The Wireless PTP Link Operating At 4GHZ Over
70km, Is Used Received Signal in The PTP Base
Station. PTP Radio Have Been Transmitted 5W Over
Microwave Link Using Parabolic Antenna. At the
Receiver End, PTP Radio Also Used Same Identical
Parabolic Antenna.
Figure 22: Link Budget Calculation.
Transmission Frequency (f) = 4GHZ, Distance (d) =
70km, Power of Transmitter (PT) = 10w, Gain of the
Transmitter (GT)= 18dB, Gain of the Receiver (GR) =
45dB.
FSLdB = 32.5 + 20log (4000) + 20log (70) = 141.44dB

EIRP = PT * GT
10dB = 10log (x) = x = 10(18/10)
= 63.09.
EIRP = 10 * 63.09 = 630.9w.
EIRP(dB) = 10log (PT) + GT(dB) = 10 + 18 = 28dB.
Therefore, finally we have to calculate Power
collected by the Receiver antenna as follows, LAB is
the typical absorption loss in the atmosphere, also all
the losses must be abstracted.
PC = PT + GT – LSF – LAB + GR
PC = 28dB – 141.44dB – 4dB + 45dB = -72.44dB
So, -72.44dB = 10log (PC(watts))
PC(watts) = 10(-72.44/10)
= 5.7 * 10-8
(watts)
The Receiver Signal Strength Depend on Transmit
Power, Receiving Antenna Gain as Well As The All
Are Losses Where Gradated by Free Space Including
Absorption Loss, Then Designer Must Consider All
of Above Factors to Design Better Wireless PTP
System as Well [15].
N. Effect of Earth Reflection.
The major effect on wireless transmission is a
reflection of the same wave with different phase
delay and that will have reduced receiving antenna
signal strength.
Figure 23: Effect of Earth Reflection.
As Per Observation on The Above Image, That Was
Shown Direct Wave and The Earth Reflected Wave
Forms. Also, If Only the Direct Wave Is Present, It
Should Assume, That the Free Space Wave
Propagation and Then, When the Received Electric
Field Strength.
Figure 24: Multipath Angles.
The Significant for The Resultant Signal Strength,
Also ER = Ed * M, Where the M Is Modifying Factor
of Earth Reflection, In Additionally Scientist Has
Been Found the Equation for M Factor.
M = 2.sin [(2π.HT.HR)/(λ.d)] Therefore, The Receive
Electric Filed Strength (ER) can be represent in
mathematical formation,
ER(v/m) = ((√30.PT.GT)/d) * 2sin((2π.HT.HR)/λ.d)
The ER Depend On EIRP, Distance, Antenna Hight
And the Frequency, When ER Is Plotted as The
Function of Distance [16].
Figure 25: Cancellation Points.
Due to the (Sin) Term in The Expression, There Is
Ability to Determine About Reinforcement Points, As
When the Receiver Move Away from The
Transmitting Antenna. In Additionally the ER Value
Of (D0) Is Zero Due to Cancellation Point Situation,
Also the Gap Between the Cancellation Point Will
Depend on The Frequency of Operation and The
Tower Height. At the Other Hand, The Longer
Distance Equation Is as Shown Below,
d >> HT or HR, then ((2π.HT.HR)/λ.d) << 1
ER = √ [(30. PT.GT) /d] * (4π.HT.HR/λ.d) in volts per
meters. Therefore, the PR (v/m) = PT.GT.GR ((H2
T.
H2
R)/d4
)

O. Effect of Refractions and Radio Horizon.
Figure 26: Refractions.
Due to The Decrease Of µ Is High, A Space Wave
Will Undergo Conditions, Reflections and As a
Result, It Will Get Slightly Bend Part, Other Than
Straight-Line.
Figure 27: LOS.
Maintaining the Relative (Ka) Between Earth Station
Surface and The Radiation Path, A Mathematical,
The Above System When the Wave Travelled in A
Straight Line Under Modified Factor Called (Ka),
Figure 28: k paths.
The K =1.33 For A Normal Day, Also for
Nonstandard Atmosphere (Rain, Fog...etc.) As A
Result, the K Value Will Be Vary. K. Radio Horizon
Due to The Curved Path Taken by The Radio Wave,
The Radio Horizon for Certain Antenna
(PTP/PTM/BTS) Height of The Tower, It Is Longer
Than the Optical Horizon on The Same Height.
Figure 29: Radio Horizon.
Therefore, The Radio Horizon Between Two Wireless
Transceivers Radios Is as Follows,
DH = [4(√hT + √hR)]km
P. Interference Effect on Transceivers.
The Wireless Communication Systems Generally
Adhere with The Electromagnetic Spectrum of
Channel Frequencies Which Are Assigned Under the
Legal License, Also This Licensing Process Strongly
Controls Wireless System Performance Specification
According to The Application Level, In Additionally,
Is Has Define and Specific Transmit Power Limits and
Frequency Allocation Regulations in Order to
Maintain Public Safety as Well As To Mitigating the
Interference Conditions. As A Result, Wireless
Frequency Spectrum Has Been Divided as License
and Non-License Category. The Advantages of The
License Frequency Spectrum Are Operating
Independently and Securely Without Having Thinking
About Interference Circumstances [17].
XI. PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS.
A. Mitigation of Wireless Fading Criticalness.
As Per Observation of Above Mathematical and
Simulation Representation of PTP Radios, That Each
Receiver Ends Can Have Introduced Proper
Automatic Gain Control (A.G.C) Mechanism and The
Fade Margin in The Receiver Unit, The Fade Margin
Is Difference Between the Nominal Signal, Also the
Minimum Receiver Threshold [18].
In the LTE Technological Section, Real-World
MIMO Measurements Should Include Power and
Quality Measurements of Each Multipath Signal, As
Well As Indications of Signal Orthogonal Behavior
Over the Average Throughput Which Is Potential of
The Multipath Environment. Data Accumulated by
the eNodeB Also Similarly Limited Due to Capability
of The User Equipment (UE) Active Inside the Cell-
Based Sector, Also the eNodeB Data Flow Sometime
Have a Chance to Unavailable Either No or Few
MIMO Capable User Equipment. Therefore, The Only
MIMO Supported High Power Scanning Supported
Receivers Had Have Capability of Simultaneously
Send, Receive and Annalise Multiple Subcarriers
Using Its Optimal Placed Multiple Antenna Array
Which Provides Accurate Multipath Data Handling
Capability Performing by MIMO Optimizations.

B. Introduced Diversity Reception Techniques Over
PTP Radio Links.
In Diversity Reception, The Reliability of
Communication Has Been Improved by The
Duplication, Then If One Transmitter Channel Faded
Receiving Signal, The Other Duplicate Channel to
Maintain Communication Automatically.
B.1 Space Diversity Technique.
Figure 30: Space Diversity Technique.
The Same Signal Is Transmitted Over Two Paths in
Space, Modulated on Same Carrier Frequency(Fc).
Both Signals Are Unlike to Fade Simultaneously.
Therefore, The Quality Detector at The Other End
Find the Stronger Signal and Switch It into The De-
Multiplexer by On Intermediate Frequency (IF
Signal) Switch, The Base Band Switching Is Also
Possible. Then in Each Receiver Has Own
Demodulators. Totally It Has the Ability to Handle
Due to Equipment Failure as Well As Against Path
Failure. But Cost Is Very High [19].
❖ Low-Cost Angle Diversion Technique.
The Low-Cost Space Diversity Method with
Separated Two Paths Vertically Is Commonly Used
Known as Angle Diversion.
Figure 31: Angle Diversion Technique.
❖ Frequency Diversity Technique.
Mainly, The RF Signal Is Transmitted Over the Same
Path the Modulator Only Two Different Carriers,
Then the Same Antenna Has Been Used. It Is
Unlikely the Both Carriers Get Fade Simultaneously.
Figure 32: Frequency Diversity Technique.
❖ Hybrid Diversity Technique (Combination of
Phase & Frequency Diversion).
In the PTP Radio Sections, The Combination of Phase
and Frequency Diversion Techniques. The Carrier
Has Been Carried the Same Base Band Signal Over
Two Different Paths, Therefore Better Protection
Against Fading Can Obtained. Also, This Method Had
Have Used in Proposed Solution. In the LTE BTS
Section, The Transmit Diversity Scheme Relies on
The Use of Multiple Antennas at The Transmitter in
Combination with Pre-Coding in Order to Achieve
Better Diversity While Reception and Transmitting on
A Single Data Steam [20].
Most Probably Transmission Diversity Mechanism
Required Certain Wireless Channel Information At
The Transmitting End, But It Is Possible To
Established Transmit Diversity Mechanism Without
The Knowledge Of The Specific Channel With Space-
Time Block Coding Pattern, Also The Usability Of
Transmit Diversity Is Very Common In The
Downstream Of A Wireless 4G LTE System That
Because It Is Very Cheaper And Easier To Establish
Multiple Antenna Array At The eNodeB Base Station
Than To Install Multiple Antenna Array On Each
Handheld User Equipment (UE).
XII. CONCLUSION
The Backward Compatibility Of The LTE
Enhancements Of Release 8 Was Fully Specifically
Pointed In The Release-10, Also Release-10 Already
Submitted As The 3GPP 4G Candidate Wireless
Radio Interface Technology Towards ITU-R And The
Overall TDD LTE Operators Has A Great
Alternatives With FDD Which Are Provides
Suitability On Asymmetric Applications As Well As
Low Latency With High Throughput, Also Providing
Optimal Security That Makes 4G Technology More
Flexible And Cost Effective Solution Compared To
The Previous Versions Of Technologies, In
Additionally The TDD Is More Flexible Than FDD
Where Meeting The Need For Dynamical Reconfigure

The Specific Allocated Uplink And Downlink With
Bandwidth In Suitable Level Of Customer Needs As
Well.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Baker, S. Sesia, and I. Toufik, LTE – The
UMTS Long Term Evolution. West Sussex, United
Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011, pp. 2-7.
[3] Z. Savic, "LTE Design and Deployment
Strategies," cisco.com, para. 2-78, Dec. 07, 2011.
[Online]. Available:
https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/global/en_ae/assets/e
xpo2011/saudiarabia/pdfs/lte-design-and-
deployment-strategies-zeljko-savic.pdf. [Accessed:
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[Online]. Available:

https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?
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[19] S. M. Alamouti, “A simple transmit diversity
technique for wireless communications,” IEEE J.
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1458, Oct. 1998.
[20] V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, N. Seshadri, and A. R.
Calderbank, “Space-time codes for high data rate
wireless communication: performance criteria in the
presence of channel estimation errors, mobility, and
multiple paths,” IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 199-207, Feb
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