Presentation delivered by Richard Willis of NAPA providing an update on the latest research on asphalt pavements underwritten by NAPA, the Asphalt Institute and the State Asphalt Pavement Associations, including CalAPA. Presentation delivered at the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA) Spring Asphalt Pavement Conference April 25-26, 2018 in Ontario, CA.

1. NAPA RESEARCH UPDATE
RICHARD WILLIS, PhD
CALIFORNIA ASPHALT PAVEMENT ASSOCIATION
APRIL 25, 2018

4. Asphalt Mix & RAP TonnageAsphalt Mix & RAP Tonnage
Trending Sustainability
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
246.0
266.0
286.0
306.0
326.0
346.0
366.0
386.0
MillionsofTonsRAP
MillionsofTonsAsphaltMix
Asphalt Mix RAP

5. % RAP Utilization in Asphalt% RAP Utilization in Asphalt
Utilization by Sector
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
24%
%RAPUtilizationinAsphalt
Mixtures
DOT
Other Agency
Commercial &
Residential
Average

6. % RAP Used by State% RAP Used by State
2016 Map

7. Impact of RAP UtilizationImpact of RAP Utilization
2016 Estimates
• 21.5 million barrels of liquid
asphalt binder
• 73 million tons of aggregate
• $2.1 Billion in
SAVINGS

8. Recycled Asphalt ShinglesRecycled Asphalt Shingles
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
%ofRespondentCompanies
UtilizingRAS
MillionsofTonsRASinAsphalt
Pavements
RAS Tons Companies Utilizing RAS

9. YES
RAS Utilization by StateRAS Utilization by State
2016 Map
YES
NO

10. 10
Other Recycled MaterialsOther Recycled Materials
More than 750,000 Tons Recycled into Asphalt Pavements

11. 11
5%
11%
19%
24%
30% 31%
33%
31%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
WMA UsageWMA Usage
Percentage of Total Asphalt Production in US

12. 12
Warm Mix TechnologiesWarm Mix Technologies
Catagorical Utilization History (% of WMA Production)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Chemical Additive
Additive Foaming
Plant Foaming
Organic Additive

13. WMA Utilization by StateWMA Utilization by State
2016 Map

14. SummarySummary
• Asphalt Industry remains the country’s most
diligent recycler
• 99% of RAP being put into new pavements
• RAP use equated to saving 2.1 Billion
• 1.39m tons of RAS utilized in asphalt mix in 2016
• Industry continues to recycle other materials
• Utilized more than 1.9m scrap tires in 2016
• WMA represents about 1/3 of asphalt market

15. Competitive Environment
WA
OR
CA
MT
ID
NV
AZ
UT
WY
CO
NM
TX
OK
KS
NE
SD
ND
MN
IA
MO
AR
LA
MS
AL
GA
FL
SC
TN
NC
IL
WI
MI
OH
IN
KY
WV VA
PA
NY
ME
VT
NH
NJ
DE
MD
MA
CT
RI
AK
HI
Washington, DC
 US Congress
 White House
 US DOT
 FHWA
 EPA
 OMB
 GAO

16. Market Research &
Communications
Research &
Technology
Deployment
Activities
• NCAT
• Asphalt Institute
Other Research
Research Road Map
Deployment
Task Group
• National Initiatives
• Regional Councils:
• Northcentral
• Northeast
• Southeast
• Pacific
Go to Market
Task Group
• Research Communications
• Market Research
• Brand Management
Pavement Economics
Committee
Four Task Groups
Market Research Efforts

17. What’s Next?
Life Cycle
AssessmentLegislative
Life-Cycle Cost
Analysis
Mixture Quality &
Performance

18. • Financial status
•$2.4 Million Approved
• $1.778 Million Spent
• 38 SAPAs Supported in 2017
• Deliverables status
• 38 Projects Total
•27 Projects are Complete
or Near Completion
Pavement Economics
Committee
www.AsphaltPavement.org

19. PaveXpress
PerRoad
Pavement
Design

21. Approach:Technical
Provide technically sound designs
using:
 Flexible: AASHTO ’93
 Rigid: AASHTO ‘93 w/ ‘98 Supplement
 Parking lot guidance (Flexible only)
Use industry accepted standards and
guidance
Linkages to State and Local guidance
Linkages to Pavement Interactive

22. The evolution of PaveXpress….
• New Flexible
• New Rigid
• Parking Lots
• Overlay design
• Condition Survey
• NDT
• Cost Module
• LEA Module
• UI/UX Update
Upcoming
modules:
Integration with
PerRoad
LCCA framework
(ie: RealCost)
Porous Asphalt
Pavement
Design

23. Users from every state in the U.S.
Over 26,000 users with 1/3 returning

24. Users from 157 countries -> 66% from U.S.

25. Mechanistic-
Empirical
Pavement
Design
• How best to implement M-E
Design?
– Perpetual Pavements?
• How do advanced and
sustainable materials fit into
pavement design?

26. AMERICA RIDES ON US
This award honors asphalt
pavements that were designed and
built with outstanding care and
exceptional quality. The result is a
long-lasting pavement, one that
serves the traveling public well,
provides true value to the
taxpayers, and demonstrates both
the convenience and the quality of
asphalt pavements.
Criteria:
• 35+ years old
• 13+ years between
overlays (average)
• No increase > 4"
Awards:
• 125 Pavements
• 31 States

27. PerRoad Update (v4.4)
• Implement strain distribution
design criteria within
PerRoad.
• Layered elastic analysis with
a statistical analysis
procedure to estimate
stresses & strains within a
pavement.
• Revise PerRoad to include
mechanistic design of ALL
pavements.
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/users/timmdav/PerRoad44.msi

28. Education & Training
Thinlays
Speed of
Construction Tool
Mixture Quality
and Performance

29. Education Program

30. LCCA Modules
• Module 1: Basic LCCA concepts, steps, and
inputs (60 min.)
• Module 2: Concrete marketing myths and
reality (20 min.)
• Module 3: Example LCCA (30 min.)

31. LCCA Training Materials

32. Thinlays
Visit ThinlayAsphalt.org

33. QUANTIFYING THE IMPACTS
FROM SPEED OF
CONSTRUCTION

34. Transportation Engineering
— Economics Research
• “Estimating User
Costs of Asphalt &
Concrete Pavement
Rehabilitation”
(1988)
• Rehabilitation & User
Costs During
Construction in Texas
• $120K v. $39K

35. • Road User Costs (RUCs)
• Costs experienced by personal and freight vehicles
traveling through work zones
• Crash Mitigation Costs (CMCs)
• Costs generated from crashes occurring in work zones
• Local Business Impact Costs (LBICs)
• Costs to local businesses caused by reduced access to
location
3 User & Business Impact
Costs

36. Data Collection:
Road User Costs
2 Main Sources for Components:
US FHWA: Work Zone Road User Costs Final Report
AASHTO: User & Non-User Benefit Analysis for Highways
Many Additional Sources for Actual Data:
US Census, US Economic Survey, NEPA

37. Road User Costs:
Value of Time

38. Crash Mitigation Costs
Reported work zone crashes between 2008 and 2015
in the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) +
Alabama Crash Database (CARE)
8 Representative States = 89,212 Crashes

39. Local Business Impacts
No existing data on this topic ... so we collected it
ourselves!
Stated Preference Sample Survey collected from across the United
States
Representation across Regions / Ages / Incomes / Genders
Sections: Demographics / Current Behaviors / Scenarios
Range of What If? Scenarios based on Current Behaviors
Questions on Grocery / Personal Business / Leisure Destinations
Statistical Distribution of Questions
Paid Incentives = 770 Responses

40. Example Questions
Thinking about the LAST TIME you DROVE DIRECTLY for
GROCERY SHOPPING…
Approximately how much did you spend at this store?
◦ $0 / $1 to $20 / $21 to $50 / … / More than $200
Approximately how long did it take to drive to this store?
◦ Less than 5 minutes / 6 to 10 minutes / … / More than 1hour

41. Example Questions
Now, consider that the trip includes a work zone that adds 20
minutes to your travel time. This work zone will last a week.
What would you do?
◦ Still take the trip.
◦ Reschedule the trip for another day/time while construction is still
happening and the delay is still the same.
◦ Reschedule the trip for another day/time after construction is still
happening and there is no longer a delay.
◦ Go somewhere else.
◦ Cancel the trip entirely (including shopping online instead).

42. Grocery Responses

43. The Tool

44. How It Works
Road User Costs
Crash Mitigation
Costs
Local Business
Impact Costs
Roadway
Characteristics
Surrounding Area
Characteristics
Work Zone
Characteristics
Simulation
of Traffic
Census Region
Demographics

45. Comparative
Emissions Study
LCA

46. Pollutant Emissions from
Asphalt Pavement Mixture (APM) Plants
• APM plants have engineering controls to minimize pollutant
emissions
• Regulation of APM plants
– Qualify as minor sources
– Baghouse required per federal regulations
– Many states have streamlined permitting procedures as emissions
are below de minimis thresholds

47. What’s in Dryer Stack-Gas?

48. Pollutant Emissions from APM Plants
• APM plants release small quantities of pollutants, but so
do many other sources. Over the course of a year, the
following sources release the same level of emissions as
an APM plant:
–Benzene
• 19 residential woodstoves
• 1 gasoline filling station
–Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• 176 residential woodstoves
–Formaldehyde
• 150 residential fireplaces

49. Impacts of a Typical APM Plant vs.
Background: Formaldehyde

50. Advocacy ServicesLegislative

51. LCCA on the
National Level
• MAP-21 – MEPDG, Alternative Bids, LCCA, GAO Report
• FY12 Commerce Appropriations Bill — Material-Specific Discount Rates
• FAST Act – Alternate Bids
• FY16 Transportation Appropriations Bill — Alternate Bid Guidance
• FY17 Transportation Appropriations Bill — MEPDG + LCCA Incentive
• FY18 Transportation Appropriations Bill — MEPDG + LCCA Incentive
• U.S. DOT INFRA Grant Program — LCCA Requirement
• FHWA LCCA Guidance Update
• Open Competition Proposal — Alternate Bids
• P3 Performance Warranties

52. What to Expect in 2018?
• LCCA Best Practices Manual
• How bio-binders might impact contractors
• Urban heat island research
• Pavement rolling resistance research
• Optimization of bond strength project
• Impact of polymers

54. THANK YOU!
Richard Willis, Ph.D.
rwillis@asphaltpavement.org