The document discusses how biologists classify animals. It describes the key characteristics used to classify animals, including whether they have specialized tissues, their symmetry (radial or bilateral), the number of germ layers in their embryos, how their gut develops, and their method of growth. The classification system presented divides animals into major groups including sponges, cnidarians, worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates based on these characteristics.

1. Kingdom Fungi
BIOL 1407
Ebeling

2. Learning objectives
1. Describe the characteristics common to all fungi
2. Understand why fungi are not classified as multicellular
heterotrophs.
3. Explain the role of fungi as decomposers.
4. Identify symbiotic relationships that exist between fungi and
other organisms.

5. Fungi DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom Fungi
DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
Protista
Plants
Animals
Prokaryotes
Figure 20.5 Contd.

6. Table 20.1
Phylum Examples
Number of
Existing Species
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Parasite of frog skin
Black bread mold
Arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi
Morels, truffles
Mushrooms, puffballs
1000
1000
More than 50,000
30,000
200
TABLE 20.1 Phyla of Fungi

7. Fungal anatomy
Fig. 20.23

14. Chytrid fungi

15. Pseudogymnoascus destructans

16. Zygomycetes

25. Lichens

26. Figure 20.20
Fungal hyphaeAlgal cells
Rock or other
substance
SEM
(false color)
Hypha
Algal cell
15 μm

27. Figure 20.21

28. Figure 20.22
With endophytes
Without endophytes
Young Mature
0
5
10
15
20
Proportionofleafareadamaged(%)
a
b b
c
Leaf age at time of treatment

29. Figure 20.24
Dikaryotic
cells
Ancestral
fungus
Basidiomycetes
Ascomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Basidiomycota
• ~30,000 species
• Basidiospores on basidia
• Mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs
• Ectomycorrhizae, some lichens
Ascomycetes
• ~50,000 species
• Ascospores inside ascus
• Asexual reproduction common
• Ectomycorrhizae, most lichens
• Many plant pathogens, truffles, morels, most yeasts, Penicillium
Glomeromycetes
• ~200 species
• No sexual spores; large asexual spores
• Most are obligate mutualists with land plants
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Zygomycetes
• ~1,000 species; paraphyletic group
• Zygospores
• Black bread mold
• Asexual reproduction more common than sexual reproduction
• Decomposers and parasites
Chytridiomycetes
• ~1,000 species; paraphyletic group
• Spores have single flagellum
• Mostly aquatic
• Decomposers and parasites on many organisms,
including amphibians
Zygomycetes
Chytridiomycetes
Phylum
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Flagellated Cells Spore Types Dikaryotic Cells Complex Fruiting Body
Yes
No
No
No
No
Zoospores
Zygospores; conidia
Large asexual spores only
Ascospores in ascus; conidia
Basidiospores on basidium; conidia
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Absent
Absent
Absent
Present
Present

30. Figure 20.25
classified based on reproduce by means of
Kingdom Fungi
Spores
if zoospores if on basidium
Chytrid Basidiomycete
Zygomycete Ascomycete
Glomeromycete Dikaryotic stage
lack extensive
has
has
if zygospores
if large
asexual
spores only
if in ascus

31. Kingdom Animalia
BIOL 1407
Ebeling

32. Learning Objectives
• Describe the characteristics common to all animals.
• Employ the criteria biologists use to classify
animals.

33. 4. Blastula

34. Biologists classify animals based on shared ancestry
• morphology
• physiology
• embryonic development
• DNA

35. Deuterostomes
Bilateria
Eumetazoa
Ecdysozoa
Protostomes
Radiata
Parazoa
Lophotrochozoa
Ancestral
protist Multicellularity
True
tissues
Bilateral
symmetry,
three germ
layers
Mouth arises
from second
opening in
embryo
No tissues
Radial symmetry,
two germ layers
Mouth arises
from first
opening in
embryo Characteristic
larvae and DNA
sequences
Periodic
molting
Chordates
Echinoderms
Arthropods
Roundworms
Annelids
Mollusks
Flatworms
Cnidarians
Sponges
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Animals
Fungi
Plants
Protista
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom Animalia
Prokaryotes
Figure 21.2

36. Categorization of animals
1. Specialized tissues
2. Body symmetry
3. Development of gut
4. Method of growth

37. 1. Specialized Tissues

38. True tissues or not: Eumetazoa and Parazoa
Tissue:
Section 21.1 Fig. 21.2

39. 2. Body Symmetry
• Among animals with specialized tissues

40. Symmetry: bilateral or radial
Section 21.1 Fig. 21.2 & 21.3
Radial symmetry:
Bilateral symmetry:

41. Germ layers: two or three
Section 21.1 Fig. 21.2 & 21.45
All animal tissues develop from different
layers of embryos.
Some embryos form tissues from two layers.
Others form tissues from three layers.
blastula Embryo with
2 germ layers
Embryo with
3 germ layers

42. 3. Gut development
Among bilaterally symmetrical animals
• Protostome
• Deuterostome

43. 4. Method of growth
Among bilaterally symmetrical protostomes
• Molt
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExEhrpi8iz4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5hyyeGrDic
• Continuously add to “skeletal” elements

45. Summary
Fig. 21.48