Fundamental Rights In India

Fundamental Rights in India
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The Constitution of India (Hindi: а¤а¤ѕа¤°а¤¤аҐЂа¤Ї а¤ёа¤‚а¤µа¤їа¤§а¤ѕа¤Ё, see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. It
lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties, government and spells out
the fundamental rights, directive principles and duties of citizens. It is the longest[1] written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,
containing more than 395 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 110 amendments,[
Part III – Fundamental Rights is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can...show
more content...
The Indian student community in England was further inspired by the workings of parliamentary democracy and Britishers political parties.
In 1919, the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police, and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals,
warrant–less searches and seizures, restrictions on public gatherings, and intensive censorship of media and publications. The public opposition to this
act eventually led to mass campaigns of non–violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms, and limitations on
government power. Indians, who were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland
and the development of the Irish
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Human Rights Reflection
Human Rights in today's society in the theme I have chosen to focus this reflective writing piece. The Business Dictionary (2017) defines Human
Rights as "The fundamental rights that humans have by the fact of being human, and that are neither created nor can be abrogated by any
government". Firstly this refection will centre around my personal understanding of how Human Rights are related to my core values, beliefs and
identity in today's society. Secondly, I will look into issues surrounding Human Rights and how these rights impact today's world. Lastly, this reflection
will discuss how Event Management, my discipline is affected by the Human rights.
Firstly, to me Human rights gives every person the right to existence on earth, more specifically meaning that 'Under the Declaration of Human
rights' any person has the right to life, equality, liberty, education, religion of their chose, freedom of speech, security of one's person and the right
to a nationality just to name a few (Universal Declaration of human rights, 1948). However, in countless places around the world, people continue
to suffer from Human rights abuses and are not receiving the respect that the Human right sort to provide (Gerber & Gory, 2014). For me
personally, I have never face any true abuses of my Human rights, as I have lived a very sheltered life and the Values and beliefs I have grown up
around, have lead me to live in a way where I respect others and treat them how I myself would want to be treated. Before taking this culture and
society class I had never seen the declaration itself and never read the full 30 articles that it consists of. Nonetheless, the values and beliefs that I held
lead me to live by these human rights without even reading them. In spite of this I have come to learn that not everyone receives the same rights that
should apply to everyone, anywhere despite their age, gender, nationality, religion or ethnicity, the purpose of these rights were to provide a universal
understanding of what every person's rights are, then forming a world built on peace, justice and freedom for all(Universal Declaration of human
rights, 1948). Because these rights are not legally binding, people do not actually have to abide by

Human Rights And Social Work
Starting with Jane Adams in the early 20th century, human rights were at the forefront of her work with the Hull House which helped establish the
social work profession as we know it (Healy, 2008). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the values set and regulated by the NASW share a
common theme focusing on, dignity, self–determination, and improving the quality of life for everyone. Social workers are on the forefront of
advocating for, and creating social change, and justice (NASW, 2015). Social work constantly challenges racism, discrimination and the inhumane
treatment of vulnerable people.
Internationally the social work profession attempts to link vulnerable populations with basic needs like, food, healthcare, housing, and equality all
which reflect article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 2014). Social workers wear many hats, and have established
roles in many institutions like hospitals, schools, nursing homes, acting as liaisons between the establishments and individuals who seek their services
(Reichert, 2007).
2. What social work practices might constrain human rights?
The Social work is a profession not only rewards merit, but there is also a monetary gain. The majority of qualified social workers are employed by
local government agencies which can create a conflict of interest because of their obligation, and commitment to their employer. The government
agencies have their own political and financial agenda that can be

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay
On December 10th in 1948, the general assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration, although not legally binding,
created "a common standard of achievement of all people and all nations...to promote respect for those rights and freedoms" (Goodhart, 379). However,
many cultures assert that the human rights policies outlined in the declaration undermine cultural beliefs and practices. This assertion makes the search
for universal human rights very difficult to achieve. I would like to focus on articles 3, 14 and 25 to address how these articles could be modified to
incorporate cultural differences, without completely undermining the search for human rights practices.
Article 3, of the Universal Declaration of...show more content...
When alerting the international human rights policies, it is integral that the language used to create the articles is concise and defined; leaving no room
for interpretation based on cultural differences.
Article 25, in the Declaration of Human Rights, states "every human has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well–being of
himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services" (Goodhart, 380). Article 25 could
create disputes surrounding cultural structures, such as caste systems in India. Supporters of the caste system could argue that individuals are born
into their positions and according to their beliefs are not entitled to a "specific" standard of living. However, I argue that when this cultural belief is
applied to Article 25 it is a radical perspective. The provisions outlined in Article 25 allow for social classes and inequalities to occur. Therefore, the
culturally ingrained caste systems in India can still function, as long as the lowest class is provided with a standard of living necessary to survive. I
argue that Article 25 is a human right, and cultures who do not wish to abide by this specific human right are usingculture as an excuse for repression.
The other article that I would like to address in relation to human rights and cultural differences is Article 14. This article deals with refugees seeking
asylum in another country. Article 14 states that

Gun Control Is A Fundamental Right
Firearms is a fundamental right in the Bill of Right which includes in constitution. America has a long conflict history on firearms. Firearms plays a
vital role in shaping American history and its culture.
The majority of people in the United States owns a gun in their household whether it's them or someone else in their household. Gun control has
been a big issue in the United State and all around the world. There are many cases that federal court have favored guns and they are also protected
under our first Ten Amendment in the Constitution. Over the past years there has been many cases linked towards gun controlling and still haven't
progressed. Guns violence has caused lots of threat to the nations ,but people don't want to change the law. The best way to resolve the gun problem
is simply by changing the gun laws so, it will be difficult for people to own firearms. It is also quite easy for criminals to own a gun illegally now.
History of gun control
Gun control was passed in 1934 to levy new criminal laws and along with gun control "New Deal for Crime" was the first federal gun control law.
This law requires all guns dealer to record their document in national registry. In 1938, Roosevelt wins the "national firearm act of 1938". This act
requires all the gun seller to record their sale and prohibit any firearm sale to people with violence crime background.
People use guns for many purposes, but guns should only be used for military purpose. Even though the

Fundamental Rights and Duties
HISTORY OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement, which strove to achieve the values of liberty
and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state.[1] The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents
such as England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man.[2] The demand for civil liberties
formed an important part of the Indian independence movement, with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress (INC) being to end
discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects. This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted...show more content...
Accordingly, the Advisory Committee was constituted in January 1947 with 64 members, and from among these a twelve–member sub–committee on
Fundamental Rights was appointed under the chairmanship of J.B. Kripalani in February 1947.[13] The sub–committee drafted the Fundamental
Rights and submitted its report to the Committee by April 1947, and later that month the Committee placed it before the Assembly, which debated and
discussed the rights over the course of the following year, adopting the drafts of most of them by December 1948.[14] The drafting of the Fundamental
Rights was influenced by the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the U.N. General Assembly and the activities of the United
Nations Human Rights Commission,[15] as well as decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in interpreting the Bill of Rights in the American
Constitution.[16] The Directive Principles, which were also drafted by the sub–committee on Fundamental Rights, expounded the socialist precepts of
the Indian independence movement, and were inspired by similar principles contained in the Irish Constitution.[17] The Fundamental Duties were later
added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.[18]
Fundamental Rights
Main article: Fundamental Rights in India
The Fundamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the

Essay Reproductive Rights
Reproductive Rights
Women's reproductive rights are a global issue in today's world. Women have to fight to have the right to regulate their own bodies and reproductive
choices, although in some countries their voices are ignored. Abortion, sterilization, contraceptives, and family planning services all encompass this
global issue of women's reproductive rights.
In India, women are being manipulated to stop having children after their second birth. Officials claim that by regulating population and the
pregnancies of women after their second child they will be able to empower women by offering them contraceptive choices and child care facilities. In
reality, if women do not agree to be sterilized after their second birth they will be...show more content...
They are not able to afford the proper health care or contraception. When women are affected by ill health, their families and communities suffer also.
Without the health care that they need women are suffering from maternal illness and infant and child mortality rates are on the rise.
There are a number of global trends that are affecting poor women. Gender, biology and poverty are linked together and are causing women to be more
vulnerable to infectious diseases and reproductive tract infections. Poor women are being denied the health care and reproductive care that they
desperately need. By ignoring the care that they need, we are deteriorating their lives, the lives of their families and their communities.
In Chile, women recently fought and earned the right to have access to emergency contraception in cases of unprotected sex, rape or contraceptive
failure. Chilean women finally won this right after a court accepted scientific proof that a pregnancy does not take place until a week after
fertilization. Once the emergency contraception could be considered legal, instead of a form of illegal abortion, women were given access to the pill.
Western culture is very critical about Third World women and poor women becoming pregnant. This criticism comes from a society where women
have the right to contraception more than others do and where abortion is a legal option for women.

Are Human Rights Universal? Essay
The doctrine of human rights were created to protect every single human regardless of race, gender, sex, nationality, sexual orientation and other
differences. It is based on human dignity and the belief that no one has the right to take this away from another human being. The doctrine states that
every 'man' has inalienable rights of equality, but is this true? Arehuman rights universal? Whether human rights are universal has been debated for
decades. There have been individuals and even countries that oppose the idea that human rights are for everybody. This argument shall be investigated
in this essay, by: exploring definitions and history on human rights, debating on whether it is universal while providing examples and background
...show more content...
However, this is debated which I will go into more detail later on. It had the inspiration to promote friendly relations between nations and it is
emphasised that all nations should cooperate. Though, this can be said to be naive as to go as far to declare that all countries abide by the Declaration
and that it is universal is mistaken. What does it mean to be universal? The concept believes that human rights belong to all human being and that it is
fundamental and essential to every type of society. Those who disagree that human rights are universal believe that human rights are based on your
culture, it has to be understood that a right for one group maybe outright intolerable to members of another group. Human rights are being viewed as
being too 'Western' and representing specific cultural norms and belief system of some cultures and societies rather than all. This is the cultural
relativist argument, the belief that human rights cannot be applied to non–Western nations. The belief has been endorsed by many political leaders,
Singapore's former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew suggested that the 'Western concepts of democracy and human rights will not work in Asia, by
explaining that the West is too individualistic compared to family–orientated Asia. 'What Asians value may not necessarily be what Americans or
Europeans value? Westerners value the freedoms and liberties of the individual. As an Asian of Chinese cultural background, my values are for a
government which is

Reflection on Human Rights
Yasmin CastaГ±eda
Dr. Loskot
PHIL 201
October 29th, 2012
Reflective Essay on Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Every single human being on this planet has rights. These rights are given to us through birth, and the day I was asked, what my human rights were, I
found myself speechless. I did not know how to answer the question, which at the time sounded so easy. I forgot about the question that had me so
puzzled, and just brushed it off, ironically six month later I get an assignment on the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. After
reading this historic document, I realized how important human rights are. I believe most people take human rights for granted, we know they exist,
but we don't even know what they are...show more content...
The Declaration is an optimal model of the mutual relations of the country and the personality. The rights and the freedoms of the citizens, and also
their duties are an important social and political institution. The Declaration unites all the listed above elements into a legal international control of the
defense of human rights becoming an essential socio–political document ever signed for the protection of the world.
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a
spirit of brotherhood." These opening words of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights express a concept of man which underpins the framework of
human rights embodied in the Universal Declaration and the two international covenants of Human Rights. Western political traditions is a concept
that it derives from, is in harmony with moral and social teachings to be found in many other traditions and patterns of belief.
References
Feldman, Jean–Philippe. "Hayek's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights". Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (December 1999): 1145–6396.
Glendon, Mary Ann (2002). A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Random House. ISBN

Essay on Human Rights in the European Union
Introduction
The development of a human rights policy in the EU has been a long and often undocumented journey. The sectoral approach of the Paris Treaty
establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 had an economic and functional intention, lacking a declaration of fundamental
rights, as seen in national constitutions. It was not until the 2000 Nice Summit that the European Union first established a written charter, the EU
Charter of Fundamental Rights, explicitly stating and guaranteeing human rights in the European Union. Documented EU human rights policy before
2000 can be seen primarily in two ways:
1. Internally, through case–law from the European Court of Justice (ECJ)
2. Externally,...show more content...
Based on analysis from these four cases, conclusions regarding the effectiveness of human rights policy will be discussed.
Background of EU Human Rights Policy
European Court of Justice
The legitimacy of the ECJ to uphold EU legislation is a necessary component of effective human rights policy. The history of its increase in power is
worth noting. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the ECJ's location in Luxembourg, far from the political fray in Brussels and Strasburg, prevented it
from becoming a strong body of the EU. Yet, throughout that time the court methodically built case–law that would lead to its surge in influence in the
1980s. The two most significant developments of the court during this time period were direct effect and supremacy. These twin pillars clarified the
relationship between the national and EU legal orders.
The landmark decision involving direct effect occurred in 1963 in a case called Van Gend en Loos. In the case, a Dutch transport firm brought a
complaint against Dutch customs for increasing the duty on a product imported from Germany. The firm argued that the Dutch authorities had
breached a clause in the original EU treaty, which prohibited member states from introducing new duties in the common market. The Court agreed with

the firm and declared that any "unconditionally worded treaty provision being self sufficient and legally complete" did not require

It is important to set the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights in context by examining the development of rights within the European
Union. The embryo organisation that commenced the EU (The Coal and Steel Community 1951) was introduced in the wake of World War II to
rebuild Europe by economically tying previously warring nations together. The consensus amongst the "heavy weights" of the EU was, if member
states were economically invested in each other to ensure financial stability within their own state, future conflicts would be avoided. The EU had
taken the role of a purely economic organisation which explains why it was not focused on social issues such as human rights, leaving such matters to
individual member states to determine. Then came the political advancement of the 1990s, as evidenced by Weiler; '[The Maastricht Treaty]
appropriates the deepest symbols of statehood: European citizenship, defence and foreign policy'. Naturally, the issue of human rights became
prominent within the EU, and after much debate and a Convention the Charter was passed and given legally binding status under the Lisbon Treaty of
2009. The Charter has proved to be a controversial issue within European politics, with doubts being voiced about the functionality of the European
Union's own "Bill of Rights". To effectively assess the question at hand, this essay will evaluate the extent to which the Charter is a necessary and
desirable development, before reaching an overall

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Eu
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union Content
Facts Title I – Dignity Title II – Freedoms Title III – Equality Title IV– Solidarity Title V – Citizens' Rights Title VI – Justice Title VII – General
Provisions Prohibition of abuse
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
1
Ulrich Wessel
Facts
Signed by the Presidents of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on 7 December 2000 in Nice
Whole range of civil,...show more content...
10
Ulrich Wessel

Article 16 – Right to conduct a business
Article 17 – Right to property – Intellectual property shall be protected
Article 18 – Right to asylum
Article 19 – Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition – Collective expulsions are prohibited – No one may be removed, expelled or
extradited to a state where there is a serious risk that he or she would be subject to the death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment
11
Ulrich Wessel
Title III
Equality
12
Ulrich Wessel
Article 20 – Equality before the law
Facts Title I – Dignity Title II – Freedoms Title III – Equality

Women 's Rights As Human Rights Essay
WOMEN'S RIGHTS AS HUMAN RIGHTS
ABSTRACT
The Constitution of India is imbued with the spirit of promoting and protecting the human rights of its constituents. But, merely incorporating a
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an individual the right to move the Supreme
Court of India for the enforcement of his/her rights, other constraints (like court fees, large back log of pending cases, and the intricacies of legal
procedures leading to inordinate delay in justice) make the legal option difficult and almost unapproachable for the ordinary person. The
implementation of laws that guarantee constitutional rights can be overseen by special administrative or institutional measures. The Indian
Government has set up many special institutions under different acts of parliament and the primary task of these institutions is to give effect to various
constitutional rights, particularly the rights of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. One such important institution is the National Human Rights
Commission. In order to understand the powers and functioning of this commission it is necessary to know the various Indian Laws relating to Human
Rights.
An Overview
The Constitution of India is imbued with the spirit of promoting and protecting the human rights of its constituents. But, merely incorporating a
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an

The Right Of Freedom Of Movement
The right of freedom of movement is one of fundamental and natural rights of people. Its theoretical understanding and practical execution is one of
the most challenging and relevant issues today. The fact that there is no universal codification devoted to solely the rights of free movement of
persons and the lack of extended and regulated legislation results in leeways and gaps in process of immigration and work in the EU. Therefore,
restrictions laid out in Directive 2004/38 in articles 27–33 (NB: only 7) and Regulation 492–2011 do not provide enough legal levers in managing
conflicts related to freedom of movement of persons in an appropriate manner. It creates a number of problems in the practice of its implementation.
Therefore, analysis of not only constituent documents and secondary legislation of the EU but judicial practice is particularly significant in relation to
ensuring protection of the right of free movement. This essay analyses issues regarding the emergence, formation and prospects of development of the
right of free movement of persons and their families within the EU. On the eve of election in the EU Parliament in 2014 the topic of free movement of
persons was in the centre of discussion. Some Member States argued that all EU citizens should have equal rights of free movement; others doubted
that on the grounds of difficult situation on the labour and economic market. The essay critically analyses the extent of restriction or prevention of free
movement

Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights are those rights and freedoms of the people of India, which enjoy constitutional recognition and guarantee. The Supreme Court of
India and State High Courts have the power to enforce Fundamental Rights. Supreme court is the guardian protector of fundamental rights.
п‚§A very detailed Bill of Rights It is a very detailed and comprehensive Bill of Rights. It contains 24 Articles from 12 to 35. These describe in detail
the fundamental rights of the people of India.
п‚§People enjoy only the rights given in the Constitution. The Constitution of India does not give any recognition to natural or un–granted rights
People of India enjoy only those fundamental rights.
п‚§Special Rights for the Minorities. The India bill of Rights...show more content...
(ii) Freedom of assembly (iii) Freedom to form associations. (iv) Freedom of movement (v) Freedom to reside and settle (VI) Freedom of profession,
occupation, trade or business.
п‚§The Right to Freedom, like the right to equality is also not absolute. It is also subject to reasonable limitations. These freedoms have to be used
without any violation of public order, public health, morality and security of state. Further, in respect of freedom of profession, trade, and business, the
state can prescribe professional or technical qualifications. The State can also nationalize any industry or business.
п‚§Protection against Arbitrary conviction (Art. 20). The constitution provides protection against arbitrary conviction in cases of offences committed
by a person. It lays down that: No person canbe punished except for a violation of law. No person can be subjected to a punishment greater than the
one prescribed by law. For one crime one punishment can be given. No person accused of any offence can be forced to give evidence against him.
п‚§Protection of Life and Liberty (Art. 21). It grants protection to the lifeand liberty of citizens as well as non–citizens. It says, "No person can be
deprive of his life and liberty except according to the procedure established by law."
п‚§Protection against Arrest and Detention (Art. 22). The Constitution also provides protection against arbitrary arrest and detention. Any person
arrested by the police enjoys certain protections. He has

Protecting Fundamental Rights Of Citizens
Protecting Fundamental Rights of Citizens "A civil right is an enforceable right or privilege, which if interfered with by another gives rise to an action
for injury" ("Civil Rights"). In his article "To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War," Robert J.
Kaczorowski discusses the relationship between civil rights and the constitution laws of the 1860s. The federal government creating amendments and
laws "that conferred on all Americans the precious status of citizen, enumerated some of the fundamental rights of citizenship, and extended to citizens
federally enforceable guarantees for the protection for their civil rights was itself a revolutionary change in American federalism" (Kaczorowski 47).
Should the federal government protect the fundamental rights of its citizens even if it infringes on state laws? In order to protect the unity of the
United States, congress worked to secure the rights of all its citizens, as addressed in the constitution, through the 13th Amendment, the Civil Rights
Act of 1866, and the 14th Amendment. The 13th Amendment is written in the US Constitution as, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction"
("13th Amendment"). By prohibiting the institution of slavery and by outlawing individual citizens from owning slaves, the legislature,

Healthcare is a Fundamental Right Essay
How a person envisions healthcare usually reflects a persons attitude towards "right or privilege", if they view it from a humanitarian or a financial
perspective weighs heavy on how that question is answered. As a Christian who is anti–abortion, the choice of whether healthcare is a "right or a
privilege" is straightforward; healthcare is a fundamental right. Babies are human; we do not lose compassion for them just because they grow older.
In a moral modern society, medical care is something that we all must be able to access, just as the basic needs of having air, food, and life. We
frequently accept certain words or phrases, without realizing the full definition of the meaning. We should not be bogged down in the terminology of
"rights...show more content...
The cost of insurance premiums are not affordable to many of our citizens and of course there are some people who just do not want to pay for it, so a
public option might be a step in overhauling the dysfunctional healthcare system that is currently available. As for the argument that hospitals must
treat all patients, for the most part this is basically true; their focus is immediate care, not continuing treatment or patient education. They put out the
fire but the patient still has the problem that started the crisis that needs to be addressed. Those of us who have survived serious diseases and have lost
private insurance for some reason have difficultly acquiring affordable health insurance and when we do, it can be limiting in the coverage that it
provides. This can lead patients to put off care until the problem is advanced, leaving the patient in unnecessary pain and suffering. This can lead to
further loss of finances for the patient and then the public system is left with a cost larger than if the treatment needed was begun in a timely fashion.
A system is needed that will prevent medical needs from reaching a level care that would have been avoidable.
The right to access basic healthcare, I believe would make an improvement of the fractured system that is in place now. If people are concerned with
where and how their tax dollars are being used for healthcare, perhaps a tax credit could be implemented or tax free medical saving plans such

Rights, Duties and Freedoms Essay example
Rights, Duties and Freedoms
Under the Human Rights Act 1998, which came into force in October 2000, there are certain rights and freedoms that are protected. The significance
of this act is to offer legal rights to everyone in a democratic country. The United Kingdom does not have a written constitution, this is very unusual in
a democracy, and our rights and freedoms have traditionally been protected by a presumption that we are free to do anything that is not covered by a
specific forbidding law or piece of legislation. Under the Human Rights Act we now have that written confirmation of our rights, duties and freedoms.
Anyone withholding those rights, for example wrongful imprisonment or racism is now liable for prosecution and...show more content...
The acts states that a public authority must act according to the rights given by the convention, any person who feels they have suffered a breach may
sue that authority, as in the case of wrongful arrest or imprisonment, over the past number of years there have been many such cases of prisoners being
released from prisons on these grounds, with large, often excessive as some might say, amounts of compensation paid to those released. A public
authority includes courts, councils, tribunals but not parliament.
Under Article (12) Heterosexual people have the right to marry at 16 with judicial/parental consent and without consent at 18, this act enables such a
union to bring with it certain safeguards, for example the rights associated with property,

Fundamental Rights in India Fundamental Rights is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all
Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as
equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to
constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus. Violations of these rights result in punishments as
prescribed in the Indian Penal Code, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms which every
...show more content...
Indians, who were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development
of the Irish constitution. Also, the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for
the independent India's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population.
In 1928, the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from
calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious
and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the largest Indian political party of the time)
adopted resolutions committing itself to the defense of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio–economic rights such as the minimum wage and the
abolition of untouchability and serfdom.[3] Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the constitution of
the erstwhile USSR, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic

Fundamental Rights In India

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