The Florin: Europe's First Continental Currency | Bob Klein of Medici Capital
•
0 likes•54 views
Bob Klein, the founder of Medic Capital, recounts the story of Europe's first continental currency, the Florin. To lean more about Bob Klein and Medici Capital visit http://medicicapitalfunds.com.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
A Brief History of the Louvre
Interior design and art enthusiast Liliana Bordallo leverages her interests to provide high-end real estate owners with house-sitting, maintenance, and interior design services. In her vacation time, Liliana Bordallo enjoys traveling the world and visiting famous museums.
Eng 109 the rise of english
The document summarizes the rise of English as the dominant language in England after the Norman conquest in 1066. It discusses several key events that led to this change, including the loss of Normandy in 1204, which caused French nobles to choose between France and England, dividing the ruling classes. The Black Death in 1348 killed one-third of England's population, increasing the need for laborers and respect for the lower English-speaking classes. By the late 14th century, English was used in law courts and the rising middle class spoke English more commonly. English eventually replaced French and Latin in writing by the 15th century.
HISTORY OF AFRICA
Scientists believe that modern humans originated in Africa by 100,000 BC. Farming spread to North Africa by 5,000 BC, though the Sahara gradually became a desert. Between the 16th-19th centuries, Europeans engaged in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, transporting African slaves to the Americas. Many African leaders participated in the slave trade. In the late 19th century, European nations colonized Africa, dividing it among themselves. Most African nations gained independence in the late 1950s-1960s after attitudes toward imperialism changed and Africans became increasingly educated and demanded self-rule. Today Africa's economies are growing rapidly.
Caribbean Studies changing african responses to european contact.doc
The document summarizes pre-Atlantic and Atlantic trade in West Africa. It discusses how West Africans engaged in long distance trade of commodities like gold, salt, textiles and agricultural goods with other continents prior to European contact. When the Portuguese arrived in the 1440s, the trade in enslaved Africans began to surpass gold as West Africa's main export. While slavery existed previously, the transatlantic slave trade transformed it into a larger system for accumulating wealth. African rulers cooperated by supplying captives to European traders as long as prices remained high. The triangular trade system then developed to exchange enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas for goods like cotton, cloth and rum.
History: Middle Ages
The document summarizes aspects of religion, politics, social class, and fashion during the Middle Ages in Europe. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion and how the lives of people were dominated by the Church. It describes the causes and objectives of the Crusades to regain control of Jerusalem from Muslims. It also outlines the feudal system of power and the emergence of religious knight orders like the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights during the Crusades. Finally, it provides details on Gothic jewelry styles, gemstone cutting techniques, and popular jewelry items in the late Middle Ages like brooches, belts, and enameling.
the history of money and banking in Southy Africa
The history of money in South Africa began with early indigenous tribes using items like beads, shells, and whale teeth for bartering and as a medium of exchange. Later, iron ingots and pieces became commonly used as money. During colonial times in the 1600s, coins from various European countries circulated. The first paper money, called rix-dollars, was printed in 1782 but rapidly declined in value. Sterling currency from Britain then became more commonly used. In the Transvaal region, gold coins and pounds were minted starting in the late 1800s due to the region's rich gold deposits. Control of minting gradually transferred to the South African government.
Chapter 2 history of money
The early history of currency in the Philippines involved barter and commodity money such as rice, gold, and silver. Some of the earliest coinage included piloncitos - tiny engraved gold beads from the 9th-12th centuries. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, they introduced irregular Spanish coins. The first coin minted locally was the Spanish barilla in 1728. Later major currencies included Mexican silver dollars and gold/silver Isabellinas minted in Manila in the 1860s, marking the first use of "Filipinas" on coins. Bank notes were first issued by the El Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II in 1852.
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...
1) The Federal Reserve Bank of New York serves as guardian for the gold reserves of over 60 foreign governments and international organizations, storing over 266 million troy ounces of gold worth around $90 billion.
2) Gold has historically been used as a store of value and medium of exchange, and the gold standard tied currencies to gold until the early 1970s.
3) Foreign entities store their gold reserves at the New York Fed for its security in one of the largest underground gold vaults, convenient services, and location in a major financial hub.
Recommended
A Brief History of the Louvre
Interior design and art enthusiast Liliana Bordallo leverages her interests to provide high-end real estate owners with house-sitting, maintenance, and interior design services. In her vacation time, Liliana Bordallo enjoys traveling the world and visiting famous museums.
Eng 109 the rise of english
The document summarizes the rise of English as the dominant language in England after the Norman conquest in 1066. It discusses several key events that led to this change, including the loss of Normandy in 1204, which caused French nobles to choose between France and England, dividing the ruling classes. The Black Death in 1348 killed one-third of England's population, increasing the need for laborers and respect for the lower English-speaking classes. By the late 14th century, English was used in law courts and the rising middle class spoke English more commonly. English eventually replaced French and Latin in writing by the 15th century.
HISTORY OF AFRICA
Scientists believe that modern humans originated in Africa by 100,000 BC. Farming spread to North Africa by 5,000 BC, though the Sahara gradually became a desert. Between the 16th-19th centuries, Europeans engaged in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, transporting African slaves to the Americas. Many African leaders participated in the slave trade. In the late 19th century, European nations colonized Africa, dividing it among themselves. Most African nations gained independence in the late 1950s-1960s after attitudes toward imperialism changed and Africans became increasingly educated and demanded self-rule. Today Africa's economies are growing rapidly.
Caribbean Studies changing african responses to european contact.doc
The document summarizes pre-Atlantic and Atlantic trade in West Africa. It discusses how West Africans engaged in long distance trade of commodities like gold, salt, textiles and agricultural goods with other continents prior to European contact. When the Portuguese arrived in the 1440s, the trade in enslaved Africans began to surpass gold as West Africa's main export. While slavery existed previously, the transatlantic slave trade transformed it into a larger system for accumulating wealth. African rulers cooperated by supplying captives to European traders as long as prices remained high. The triangular trade system then developed to exchange enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas for goods like cotton, cloth and rum.
History: Middle Ages
The document summarizes aspects of religion, politics, social class, and fashion during the Middle Ages in Europe. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion and how the lives of people were dominated by the Church. It describes the causes and objectives of the Crusades to regain control of Jerusalem from Muslims. It also outlines the feudal system of power and the emergence of religious knight orders like the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights during the Crusades. Finally, it provides details on Gothic jewelry styles, gemstone cutting techniques, and popular jewelry items in the late Middle Ages like brooches, belts, and enameling.
the history of money and banking in Southy Africa
The history of money in South Africa began with early indigenous tribes using items like beads, shells, and whale teeth for bartering and as a medium of exchange. Later, iron ingots and pieces became commonly used as money. During colonial times in the 1600s, coins from various European countries circulated. The first paper money, called rix-dollars, was printed in 1782 but rapidly declined in value. Sterling currency from Britain then became more commonly used. In the Transvaal region, gold coins and pounds were minted starting in the late 1800s due to the region's rich gold deposits. Control of minting gradually transferred to the South African government.
Chapter 2 history of money
The early history of currency in the Philippines involved barter and commodity money such as rice, gold, and silver. Some of the earliest coinage included piloncitos - tiny engraved gold beads from the 9th-12th centuries. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, they introduced irregular Spanish coins. The first coin minted locally was the Spanish barilla in 1728. Later major currencies included Mexican silver dollars and gold/silver Isabellinas minted in Manila in the 1860s, marking the first use of "Filipinas" on coins. Bank notes were first issued by the El Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II in 1852.
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...
1) The Federal Reserve Bank of New York serves as guardian for the gold reserves of over 60 foreign governments and international organizations, storing over 266 million troy ounces of gold worth around $90 billion.
2) Gold has historically been used as a store of value and medium of exchange, and the gold standard tied currencies to gold until the early 1970s.
3) Foreign entities store their gold reserves at the New York Fed for its security in one of the largest underground gold vaults, convenient services, and location in a major financial hub.
Session no. 7, 2010: Visigothic Coinage, by Tom Eisenstadt
The document discusses Visigothic coinage and other late antique coinage relevant to Menorca. It provides details on:
1) The post-Roman coinage system where Germanic kingdoms issued gold and silver coins based on Eastern Roman styles while only the Vandals and Ostrogoths produced copper coins.
2) Late Roman and pseudo-imperial coinage values where the Visigoths and Vandals maintained the Roman coinage system with gold and silver denominations.
3) Visigothic coins specifically, including the common gold solidus and silver tremissis, as well as copper equivalents of the nummus produced locally in Hispania.
Damietta Circle_IHR Accepted Manuscript
The document discusses a circle of translators in early 19th century Damietta, Egypt who translated Enlightenment works from Greek into Arabic. They worked out of the household of the wealthy Syrian Christian merchant Basili Fakhr. The circle translated scientific, fictional, and historical works. The document examines the translations produced, influences on the project like the Modern Greek Enlightenment, and compares it to similar translation efforts in Constantinople. It analyzes the diffusion of the translations and their influence on readers, assessing the significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history in the Arab world.
History of-money
The document discusses the history and evolution of money, including:
1) Paper money was first introduced in 11th century China called "flying money" made of iron coins and paper money issued by banks.
2) John Law introduced paper money to France in the early 18th century which initially backed by coinage but later collapsed due to high inflation.
3) Examples of extreme currency devaluations include the Hungarian pengo in 1945 and Zimbabwean dollar in 2006 being devalued to 100 trillion.
1 oz Silver Coins.pptx
Buy 1 Oz Silver Coins from BOLD Precious Metals. Always the lowest prices! Fast & secure shipping. Free shipping on orders +$199.
Money
Before the use of money, people bartered or traded goods and services. Bartering was difficult because the items being traded needed to have equal and agreed upon value, and both parties needed something the other wanted. People then started using metals like gold and silver as early forms of money. Coins were later developed, with Lydia in present-day Turkey issuing the first coins made of electrum around 600 BC. Paper money was developed in China over 1,000 years ago as receipts for gold or silver, and later as printed currency issued by governments. By the late 18th century, paper money and banknotes had spread globally and countries adopted currency standards like the gold standard in the early 20th century.
Renaissance Travel Guide
This travel guide provides information for visiting Italy during the Renaissance period. It outlines major cities to visit like Florence, Venice, and Rome. It describes various modes of transportation available by water, land, and animal. It also covers local customs, what different social classes wore, common forms of street entertainment, and festivals. The guide is intended to help travelers learn about and navigate life in Renaissance-era Italy.
Regions of italy, finished.
Italy has 20 regions, each with their own history, culture and traditions. The development of Italy's regions can be traced back to Roman times, but Italy was not unified as a nation until 1870. Before unification, Italy was divided between foreign powers, local rulers, and city-states. Even after unification, some regions still retain autonomy and their own unique identities derived from their diverse pasts under various rulers and empires.
Regions of italy, finished.
Italy has 20 regions that have developed unique identities over time. Before unification in the late 19th century, Italy was divided among foreign powers, city-states, and the Papal States. Each region has its own history, culture, cuisine and dialects that contribute to Italy's diversity within a single nation. The regions trace their origins back to ancient Roman times and through the medieval period.
European Exploration Dbq Essay
European exploration of the Americas had both positive and negative effects. Positively, the Old World and New World exchanged domesticated animals and crops through the Columbian Exchange. However, negatively, European diseases devastated and killed most Native Americans, and Native Americans were also enslaved and treated harshly by Europeans. While resources and knowledge were shared between the hemispheres, the exploration had severe human costs for indigenous populations in the Americas.
Unit 0 the early middle ages
1. The decline of the Roman Empire
2. The Germans Migrations
3. The Visigoths and the Kingdom of Toledo
Dct stanford-03 may2012
The document provides a historical overview of the Cohen-Tanoudji family and North African Jewry. It discusses the origins of North African Jewry in Roman and Byzantine times. It describes the rise and fall of the Spanish Golden Ages under Christian and Islamic rule. It outlines the periods of light and darkness for North African Jews under the Ottoman Empire. It addresses the exodus of Jews from Muslim countries in the 20th century, with most finding refuge in France or Israel.
Pre hispanic
Trade among early Filipinos and with neighboring islands was conducted through barter. Gold and piloncitos (small bead-like gold bits) later emerged as early mediums of exchange. For at least 2,000 years before the Spanish arrival, small seafaring Filipino communities traded with Malaysia, Vietnam and China through barter. During the Spanish period, various coins circulated, including Toston coins brought by Magellan in 1521 and banknotes issued by El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, the country's first commercial bank. Philippine numismatics continued developing through U.S. occupation, the Japanese invasion, independence and the establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949
Renaissance era presentation
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, including its origins in Florence, Italy in the 14th-15th centuries and spread across the continent. It discusses some key government and political figures of the time, such as the Medici family in Florence and monarchs like King Henry VIII in England. Finally, it highlights several famous writers from the Renaissance era, such as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Sir Walter Raleigh.
Necklaces of the renaissance period
The Renaissance began in Italy during the 1300's, it spread to England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and other countries during the 1400's and ending in the early 1600's. This movement was considered a rebirth of the ancient works of art, literature, and philosophy. The Europeans studied these three endeavors of ancient Greece and Rome following the great scholars and artists, becoming themselves great in continuing and even advancing these areas. This movement reached a height in the 1400's and the early 1500's when achievements had become some of the greatest in history.
During the Renaissance jewelers achieved breakthroughs in shop tools, working areas, methods, and advanced techniques. Successful artists came from serving in strict apprenticeships or grew up working with family or close friends in the trade. Jewelry was in high demand during this period in history. In Florence, Italy there were over forty shops dedicated to producing the finest opal jewelry the world had yet ever seen. The style before the Renaissance was called Gothic which was thought to have expelled all of the possible works from it and had given in to the new more elaborate style.
The medieval world
The medieval period spanned from around 400 to 1500 CE, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The early Middle Ages from 400 to 800 CE were known as the Dark Ages, as Germanic tribes invaded and trade routes became dangerous. New kingdoms gradually emerged in the 800s and 900s, including the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne and the kingdoms of Alfred the Great in England and Otto I in Germany. Medieval kings held absolute power over their subjects, demonstrated through grand ceremonies. The medieval period lasted until the start of the Renaissance in the 15th century.
Necklaces of the Renaissance Period (1).docx
The Renaissance began in Italy during the 1300's, it spread to England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and other countries during the 1400's and ending in the early 1600's. This movement was considered a rebirth of the ancient works of art, literature, and philosophy. The Europeans studied these three endeavors of ancient Greece and Rome following the great scholars and artists, becoming themselves great in continuing and even advancing these areas. This movement reached a height in the 1400's and the early 1500's when achievements had become some of the greatest in history.
During the Renaissance jewelers achieved breakthroughs in shop tools, working areas, methods, and advanced techniques. Successful artists came from serving in strict apprenticeships or grew up working with family or close friends in the trade. Black opal ring was in high demand during this period in history. In Florence, Italy there were over forty shops dedicated to producing the finest opal jewelry the world had yet ever seen. The style before the Renaissance was called Gothic which was thought to have expelled all of the possible works from it and had given in to the new more elaborate style.
Exploration & Colonization Presentation
European exploration began in the 15th century as European powers sought new trade routes to Asia to access valuable spices and other goods. This document provides background on why Western European nations like Portugal, Spain, England, and France established overseas colonies starting in this era. It explores their motivations, including accessing Asian trade, spreading Christianity, finding natural resources, and gaining economic and geopolitical advantages over rivals. New technologies like the compass and caravel ships enabled explorers like da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan to discover new lands and establish European colonial empires across Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
AgeOfExploration.ppt
Europeans explored distant lands between 1400-1800 motivated by profit and religion. Portuguese led the way in exploring Africa's coast and reaching India, establishing trading posts. Other European powers like the Dutch and English later challenged Portuguese control of Asian trade. Spain's exploration led to the colonization of the Americas, where crops and animals were exchanged between the hemispheres while diseases devastated native populations. Demand for American goods led to the growth of the transatlantic slave trade to supply labor.
The boer war and diamonds
The document summarizes the history of diamond discovery and mining in South Africa. It describes how diamonds were discovered in 1867, sparking massive immigration from Britain and economic growth. Tensions arose between British settlers and Boers over mining rights, culminating in the Boer Wars from 1899-1902. The largest diamond ever found, the Cullinan diamond, was unearthed in South Africa in 1905 and later cut into pieces that became part of the British crown jewels.
Updated Gold Vs Silver.pptx
Buy Gold, Silver, Platinum & Palladium bullion online at BOLD Precious Metals. Always the lowest prices! Fast & secure shipping. Free shipping on orders +$199.
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
Pensions and housing - Pensions PlayPen - 4 June 2024 v3 (1).pdf
Wayhome's analysis of the UK market and how pension schemes can help solve the problems it presents younger people
More Related Content
Similar to The Florin: Europe's First Continental Currency | Bob Klein of Medici Capital
Session no. 7, 2010: Visigothic Coinage, by Tom Eisenstadt
The document discusses Visigothic coinage and other late antique coinage relevant to Menorca. It provides details on:
1) The post-Roman coinage system where Germanic kingdoms issued gold and silver coins based on Eastern Roman styles while only the Vandals and Ostrogoths produced copper coins.
2) Late Roman and pseudo-imperial coinage values where the Visigoths and Vandals maintained the Roman coinage system with gold and silver denominations.
3) Visigothic coins specifically, including the common gold solidus and silver tremissis, as well as copper equivalents of the nummus produced locally in Hispania.
Damietta Circle_IHR Accepted Manuscript
The document discusses a circle of translators in early 19th century Damietta, Egypt who translated Enlightenment works from Greek into Arabic. They worked out of the household of the wealthy Syrian Christian merchant Basili Fakhr. The circle translated scientific, fictional, and historical works. The document examines the translations produced, influences on the project like the Modern Greek Enlightenment, and compares it to similar translation efforts in Constantinople. It analyzes the diffusion of the translations and their influence on readers, assessing the significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history in the Arab world.
History of-money
The document discusses the history and evolution of money, including:
1) Paper money was first introduced in 11th century China called "flying money" made of iron coins and paper money issued by banks.
2) John Law introduced paper money to France in the early 18th century which initially backed by coinage but later collapsed due to high inflation.
3) Examples of extreme currency devaluations include the Hungarian pengo in 1945 and Zimbabwean dollar in 2006 being devalued to 100 trillion.
1 oz Silver Coins.pptx
Buy 1 Oz Silver Coins from BOLD Precious Metals. Always the lowest prices! Fast & secure shipping. Free shipping on orders +$199.
Money
Before the use of money, people bartered or traded goods and services. Bartering was difficult because the items being traded needed to have equal and agreed upon value, and both parties needed something the other wanted. People then started using metals like gold and silver as early forms of money. Coins were later developed, with Lydia in present-day Turkey issuing the first coins made of electrum around 600 BC. Paper money was developed in China over 1,000 years ago as receipts for gold or silver, and later as printed currency issued by governments. By the late 18th century, paper money and banknotes had spread globally and countries adopted currency standards like the gold standard in the early 20th century.
Renaissance Travel Guide
This travel guide provides information for visiting Italy during the Renaissance period. It outlines major cities to visit like Florence, Venice, and Rome. It describes various modes of transportation available by water, land, and animal. It also covers local customs, what different social classes wore, common forms of street entertainment, and festivals. The guide is intended to help travelers learn about and navigate life in Renaissance-era Italy.
Regions of italy, finished.
Italy has 20 regions, each with their own history, culture and traditions. The development of Italy's regions can be traced back to Roman times, but Italy was not unified as a nation until 1870. Before unification, Italy was divided between foreign powers, local rulers, and city-states. Even after unification, some regions still retain autonomy and their own unique identities derived from their diverse pasts under various rulers and empires.
Regions of italy, finished.
Italy has 20 regions that have developed unique identities over time. Before unification in the late 19th century, Italy was divided among foreign powers, city-states, and the Papal States. Each region has its own history, culture, cuisine and dialects that contribute to Italy's diversity within a single nation. The regions trace their origins back to ancient Roman times and through the medieval period.
European Exploration Dbq Essay
European exploration of the Americas had both positive and negative effects. Positively, the Old World and New World exchanged domesticated animals and crops through the Columbian Exchange. However, negatively, European diseases devastated and killed most Native Americans, and Native Americans were also enslaved and treated harshly by Europeans. While resources and knowledge were shared between the hemispheres, the exploration had severe human costs for indigenous populations in the Americas.
Unit 0 the early middle ages
1. The decline of the Roman Empire
2. The Germans Migrations
3. The Visigoths and the Kingdom of Toledo
Dct stanford-03 may2012
The document provides a historical overview of the Cohen-Tanoudji family and North African Jewry. It discusses the origins of North African Jewry in Roman and Byzantine times. It describes the rise and fall of the Spanish Golden Ages under Christian and Islamic rule. It outlines the periods of light and darkness for North African Jews under the Ottoman Empire. It addresses the exodus of Jews from Muslim countries in the 20th century, with most finding refuge in France or Israel.
Pre hispanic
Trade among early Filipinos and with neighboring islands was conducted through barter. Gold and piloncitos (small bead-like gold bits) later emerged as early mediums of exchange. For at least 2,000 years before the Spanish arrival, small seafaring Filipino communities traded with Malaysia, Vietnam and China through barter. During the Spanish period, various coins circulated, including Toston coins brought by Magellan in 1521 and banknotes issued by El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, the country's first commercial bank. Philippine numismatics continued developing through U.S. occupation, the Japanese invasion, independence and the establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949
Renaissance era presentation
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, including its origins in Florence, Italy in the 14th-15th centuries and spread across the continent. It discusses some key government and political figures of the time, such as the Medici family in Florence and monarchs like King Henry VIII in England. Finally, it highlights several famous writers from the Renaissance era, such as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Sir Walter Raleigh.
Necklaces of the renaissance period
The Renaissance began in Italy during the 1300's, it spread to England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and other countries during the 1400's and ending in the early 1600's. This movement was considered a rebirth of the ancient works of art, literature, and philosophy. The Europeans studied these three endeavors of ancient Greece and Rome following the great scholars and artists, becoming themselves great in continuing and even advancing these areas. This movement reached a height in the 1400's and the early 1500's when achievements had become some of the greatest in history.
During the Renaissance jewelers achieved breakthroughs in shop tools, working areas, methods, and advanced techniques. Successful artists came from serving in strict apprenticeships or grew up working with family or close friends in the trade. Jewelry was in high demand during this period in history. In Florence, Italy there were over forty shops dedicated to producing the finest opal jewelry the world had yet ever seen. The style before the Renaissance was called Gothic which was thought to have expelled all of the possible works from it and had given in to the new more elaborate style.
The medieval world
The medieval period spanned from around 400 to 1500 CE, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The early Middle Ages from 400 to 800 CE were known as the Dark Ages, as Germanic tribes invaded and trade routes became dangerous. New kingdoms gradually emerged in the 800s and 900s, including the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne and the kingdoms of Alfred the Great in England and Otto I in Germany. Medieval kings held absolute power over their subjects, demonstrated through grand ceremonies. The medieval period lasted until the start of the Renaissance in the 15th century.
Necklaces of the Renaissance Period (1).docx
The Renaissance began in Italy during the 1300's, it spread to England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and other countries during the 1400's and ending in the early 1600's. This movement was considered a rebirth of the ancient works of art, literature, and philosophy. The Europeans studied these three endeavors of ancient Greece and Rome following the great scholars and artists, becoming themselves great in continuing and even advancing these areas. This movement reached a height in the 1400's and the early 1500's when achievements had become some of the greatest in history.
During the Renaissance jewelers achieved breakthroughs in shop tools, working areas, methods, and advanced techniques. Successful artists came from serving in strict apprenticeships or grew up working with family or close friends in the trade. Black opal ring was in high demand during this period in history. In Florence, Italy there were over forty shops dedicated to producing the finest opal jewelry the world had yet ever seen. The style before the Renaissance was called Gothic which was thought to have expelled all of the possible works from it and had given in to the new more elaborate style.
Exploration & Colonization Presentation
European exploration began in the 15th century as European powers sought new trade routes to Asia to access valuable spices and other goods. This document provides background on why Western European nations like Portugal, Spain, England, and France established overseas colonies starting in this era. It explores their motivations, including accessing Asian trade, spreading Christianity, finding natural resources, and gaining economic and geopolitical advantages over rivals. New technologies like the compass and caravel ships enabled explorers like da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan to discover new lands and establish European colonial empires across Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
AgeOfExploration.ppt
Europeans explored distant lands between 1400-1800 motivated by profit and religion. Portuguese led the way in exploring Africa's coast and reaching India, establishing trading posts. Other European powers like the Dutch and English later challenged Portuguese control of Asian trade. Spain's exploration led to the colonization of the Americas, where crops and animals were exchanged between the hemispheres while diseases devastated native populations. Demand for American goods led to the growth of the transatlantic slave trade to supply labor.
The boer war and diamonds
The document summarizes the history of diamond discovery and mining in South Africa. It describes how diamonds were discovered in 1867, sparking massive immigration from Britain and economic growth. Tensions arose between British settlers and Boers over mining rights, culminating in the Boer Wars from 1899-1902. The largest diamond ever found, the Cullinan diamond, was unearthed in South Africa in 1905 and later cut into pieces that became part of the British crown jewels.
Updated Gold Vs Silver.pptx
Buy Gold, Silver, Platinum & Palladium bullion online at BOLD Precious Metals. Always the lowest prices! Fast & secure shipping. Free shipping on orders +$199.
Similar to The Florin: Europe's First Continental Currency | Bob Klein of Medici Capital (20)
Session no. 7, 2010: Visigothic Coinage, by Tom Eisenstadt
Session no. 7, 2010: Visigothic Coinage, by Tom Eisenstadt
Recently uploaded
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
Pensions and housing - Pensions PlayPen - 4 June 2024 v3 (1).pdf
Wayhome's analysis of the UK market and how pension schemes can help solve the problems it presents younger people
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
An Overview of the Prosocial dHEDGE Vault works
How the prosocial dHEDGE earns you money while saving the world!
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
How will new technology fields affect economic trade?
一比一原版(UCL毕业证)伦敦大学|学院毕业证如何办理
UCL硕士学位证成绩单【微信95270640】《如何办理伦敦大学|学院毕业证认证》【办证Q微信95270640】《伦敦大学|学院文凭毕业证制作》《UCL学历学位证书哪里买》办理伦敦大学|学院学位证书扫描件、办理伦敦大学|学院雅思证书！
国际留学归国服务中心《如何办伦敦大学|学院毕业证认证》《UCL学位证书扫描件哪里买》实体公司，注册经营，行业标杆，精益求精！
专业为留学生办理伦敦大学|学院伦敦大学|学院毕业证offer【100%存档可查】留学全套申请材料办理。本公司承诺所有毕业证成绩单成品全部按照学校原版工艺对照一比一制作和学校一样的羊皮纸张保证您证书的质量！
如果你回国在学历认证方面有以下难题请联系我们我们将竭诚为你解决认证瓶颈
1所有材料真实但资料不全无法提供完全齐整的原件。【如：成绩单丶毕业证丶回国证明等材料中有遗失的。】
2获得真实的国外最终学历学位但国外本科学历就读经历存在问题或缺陷。【如：国外本科是教育部不承认的或者是联合办学项目教育部没有备案的或者外本科没有正常毕业的。】
3学分转移联合办学等情况复杂不知道怎么整理材料的。时间紧迫自己不清楚递交流程的。
如果你是以上情况之一请联系我们我们将在第一时间内给你免费咨询相关信息。我们将帮助你整理认证所需的各种材料.帮你解决国外学历认证难题。
国外伦敦大学|学院伦敦大学|学院毕业证offer办理方法：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询伦敦大学|学院伦敦大学|学院毕业证offer）；
2开始安排制作伦敦大学|学院毕业证成绩单电子图；
3伦敦大学|学院毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4伦敦大学|学院毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5伦敦大学|学院成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一上床就呼呼大睡山娃却辗转反侧睡不着山娃一次又一次摸索着爬起来一遍又一遍地用暖乎乎的冷水擦身往水泥地板上一勺一勺的洒水也不知过了多久山娃竟迷迷糊糊地睡着了迷迷糊糊地又闻到了闹钟刺耳的铃声和哐咣的关门声待山娃醒来时父亲早已上班去了床头总们
一比一原版(UoB毕业证)伯明翰大学毕业证如何办理
UoB本科学位证成绩单【微信95270640】伯明翰大学没毕业>办理伯明翰大学毕业证成绩单【微信UoB】UoB毕业证成绩单UoB学历证书UoB文凭《UoB毕业套号文凭网认证伯明翰大学毕业证成绩单》《哪里买伯明翰大学毕业证文凭UoB成绩学校快递邮寄信封》《开版伯明翰大学文凭》UoB留信认证本科硕士学历认证
如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助伯明翰大学同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救伯明翰大学失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救伯明翰大学一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生伯明翰大学的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山娃多年的忠实伙伴平时山娃上学阿黑也摇头晃脑地跟去暑假用不着上学阿钩
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdf
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
1：1制作加拿大麦吉尔大学毕业证硕士学历证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【加拿大麦吉尔大学毕业证硕士学历证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strategies
一比一原版(GWU,GW毕业证)加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证如何办理
GWU,GW毕业证录取书【微信95270640】一比一伪造加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校文凭@假冒GWU,GW毕业证成绩单+Q微信95270640办理GWU,GW学位证书@仿造GWU,GW毕业文凭证书@购买加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单GWU,GW真实使馆认证/真实留信认证回国人员证明
全套服务：加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单真实回国人员证明 #真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足#铸就十年品质！信誉！实体公司！可以视频看办公环境样板如需办理真实可查可以先到公司面谈勿轻信小中介黑作坊！
可以提供加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校钢印 #水印 #烫金 #激光防伪 #凹凸版 #最新版的毕业证 #百分之百让您绝对满意
印刷DHL快递毕业证 #成绩单7个工作日真实大使馆教育部认证1个月。为了达到高水准高效率
请您先以qq或微信的方式对我们的服务进行了解后如果有加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单帮助再进行电话咨询。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单如何办理：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。口水苦涩无比山娃一边游泳一边念念不忘那元门票尤令山娃气愤的是泳池老板居然硬让父亲买了一大一小二条巴掌般大的裤衩衩走出泳池山娃感觉透身粘粘乎乎散发着药水味有点痒山娃顿时留恋起家乡的小河潺潺活水清凉无比日子就这样孤寂而快乐地过着寂寞之余山娃最神往最开心就是晚上无论多晚多累父亲总要携山娃出去兜风逛夜市流光溢彩人潮涌动的都市夜生活总让山娃目不暇接惊叹不已父亲老问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦在
快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptx
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptxGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
The Impact of GST Payments on Loan Approvals
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trendsLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
一比一原版(UCSB毕业证)圣芭芭拉分校毕业证如何办理
UCSB毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】办理圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单（Q微信95270640）毕业证学历认证OFFER专卖国外文凭学历学位证书办理澳洲文凭|澳洲毕业证,澳洲学历认证,澳洲成绩单 澳洲offer,教育部学历认证及使馆认证永久可查 ,国外毕业证|国外学历认证,国外学历文凭证书 UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，专业为留学生办理毕业证、成绩单、使馆留学回国人员证明、教育部学历学位认证、录取通知书、Offer、
【实体公司】办圣芭芭拉分校圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单学历认证学位证文凭认证办留信网认证办留服认证办教育部认证（网上可查实体公司专业可靠）
— — — 留学归国服务中心 — — -
【主营项目】
一.圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单使馆认证教育部认证成绩单等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理流程：
1客户提供圣芭芭拉分校圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
专业服务请勿犹豫联系我！本公司是留学创业和海归创业者们的桥梁。一次办理终生受用一步到位高效服务。详情请在线咨询办理,欢迎有诚意办理的客户咨询!洽谈。
招聘代理：本公司诚聘英国加拿大澳洲新西兰美国法国德国新加坡各地代理人员如果你有业余时间有兴趣就请联系我们咨询顾问：+微信:95270640田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山室
Recently uploaded (20)
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
Pensions and housing - Pensions PlayPen - 4 June 2024 v3 (1).pdf
Pensions and housing - Pensions PlayPen - 4 June 2024 v3 (1).pdf
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdf
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdf
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...
The Florin: Europe's First Continental Currency | Bob Klein of Medici Capital
- 1. BOB KLEIN THE FLORIN Europe's First Continental Currency
- 2. The Euro revolutionized commerce when it was introduced. Until the euro came around, Europe had been divided when it came to money for decades. Germany had the mark, France had the franc and Germany had the mark. Currency exchange made trade more difficult. In the 1990s, the eurozone was developed. By January of 1999, the euro was in effect. By 2002, official euros had been minted and printed.
- 3. The euro wasn't the first currency to unite the continent, though. First developed in 1252, the florin originated in Florence. It was made of gold, which was a game-changer for the time. For about 500 years before that, currency in Europe had been made from silver. The city of Florence was the leader in trade at the time. Minting their coins in gold lent even more prestige to the city.
- 4. Florins were worth more than silver coinage. They were often, however, used alongside it. Typically, silver coins were used for small transactions. Florins were used for big purchases. The florin was commonly seen throughout Italy and Europe. It was also used as far away as North Africa and the Middle East, especially for large purchases. By the 14th century, the florin was very widespread. Charles Robert, the King of Hungary and even the Holy Roman Emperor began to mint their own florins. The Holy Roman Empire referred to their coins as guilders.
- 5. Florins were worth more than silver coinage. They were often, however, used alongside it. Typically, silver coins were used for small transactions. Florins were used for big purchases. The florin was commonly seen throughout Italy and Europe. It was also used as far away as North Africa and the Middle East, especially for large purchases. By the 14th century, the florin was very widespread. Charles Robert, the King of Hungary and even the Holy Roman Emperor began to mint their own florins. The Holy Roman Empire referred to their coins as guilders.
- 6. The florin was dominant throughout Europe for several centuries. By about 1400, it had a competitor in the ducat, minted in Venice. By the time the 16th century rolled around, the florin was on the downswing. The last Florentine florin was minted in 1531. The florin name lived on in other currency systems for several centuries. The success of the coin was so great that it became a generic word for a midrange coin, generally made out of silver.
- 7. In 1849, a florin was introduced into the British currency system. It was an early foray into the world of decimalization. The florin was a two- shilling piece worth a tenth of a pound. The florin was also used in Australia, Ireland, Canada, and New Zealand. In the Netherlands, the generic florin (also called the gulden) lasted until the introduction of the euro in 2002. From its promising origins in Florence in the early Renaissance, the florin had a great, long run.