8. Introduction
The subcontinent was a very vast area with diverse background of population.
The diverse background of population never made the Indian subcontinent in single
nation. It was impossiblefor a single ruler to rule over the whole subcontinent. Even the
Mughal Empire was very strong but only dominated the northern India. Therefore, the
British disbanded the Mughal Empire after the war of independence.
At that time Muslims were one quarter of India's Population. The Muslims ruled over
Sub-Continent for centuries. Their defeat in the war of independence, in 1857 was a major
setback. But it raised the consciousness in the Muslims of subcontinent about their
identity. Personalities began to emerge who influenced the Muslim community as
scholars, thinkers and leaders.
There were some progressive Muslims like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and
Quid-eAzam. These leaders contributed the awakening of Muslims through their ideas,
and giving back to them their sense of pride and purpose.
10. Definition
The term ideology consists of two Greek words “ideo” and “logos”, which means ‘’the
science or study of ideas."
The term ideology is a complex discourse in a realm of social sciences due to controversial
approaches among scholars and theorists on its definition and meaning.
Historically, the word “idealogie" was first time used by French thinker ‘Antoine Destutt’ de
Tracy during the French revolution. He defined this word as the Science of Ideas concerning
with social and political life.
According to the Karl Marx, the ideology is about ideas of ruling class, who want to
maintain their privileged position and order through the capitalism.
Martin Seliger defined the term ideology a set of ideas by which men posit, explain and
justify the ends and means of organized social action, irrespective of whether such action
aims to preserve, amend, uproot or rebuild a given social order." George Brass describes the
term ideology "any plan or program of common life based upon thinking and philosophy is
called ideology.
11. The archaeological remains show that the Indus civilization did not develop suddenly but gradually.
First, the early phase of Indus Civilization started from 3500 BC–2600 BC. This period experienced the initial and
small scale town-planning in the form of architect, mud structures, industry, trade and commerce, arts and crafts
etc. The second mature period ( from 2600 BC to 1900 BC) was marked by the well developed and organized
cities and towns with burnt brick structures and marvelous buildings, internal and foreign trade, diversity in crafts
types etc. The late Indus valley phase (from 1900 BC to 1400 BC) was the period of demise. Various towns and
cities were started shrinking and disappeared. Trade, commerce and business collapsed leading to the gradual fall
of the significant urban features and traits of Indus civilization.
12. The Indus Civilization
• Town Plaining
• Industries and Crafts
• Trade
• Social Stratification
• Script
• Decline of the Indus
Valley Civilization
13. Gandhara Civilization was one of ancient civilization and it is known as
Gandhara due to its land.
It was flourished in what is now north of Pakistan and some parts of
Afghanistan from the mid first millennium BC to the start of the second
millennium CE.
The Gandhara Civilization was consisted of different dynasties. Most of
these dynasties were following the Buddhism as their religion.
14. THE GANDHARA CIVILIZATION
Gandhara Civilization witnessed the rule of multiple dynasties of antiquity as mentioned below:
Achaemenids (from 600 to 400 BC)
Greeks (from 326 to 324 BC)
Mauryans (from 324 to185 BC)
Indo-Greeks (from 250 to190 BC)
Scythians (from 2nd century to 1st century BC)
Parthian (from 1st century BC to 1st century CE)
Kushans (from 1st to 5th century CE)
White Huns (from 5th century CE)
Hindu Shahi (from 9th to 10th century CE)
15. MUSLIM TRADERS IN THE SUB-CONTINENT
The Concept of nationhood in Muslims of subcontinent was developed before the making of
Pakistan. Pakistan is a result of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan is creating a
concept of nationhood.
A deep study of the history proves that the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of
Islam. Islam, in subcontinent, introduced new principles significant to every sphere of life. The
Muslim nationalism started in the SubContinent when first Indian embraced Islam.
It was the first step towards the Two Nation theory. Initially, Islam spread in the Indian coastal
areas through the Arab traders, because they used to visit southern Indian coastal areas for
purpose of trade. They came in close contact with the local population and got an opportunity to
preach Islam. Arabs impressed the local people by their simplicity, fair business dealing,
equality and honesty. After that, Muhammad Bin Qasim was the first ever Muslim General of
Arab army conquered some parts of India during the reign of Umayyad Dynasty.
16. MUSLIM TRADERS IN THE SUB-
CONTINENT
On the later stages, the spread of Islam in subcontinent was carried on by the Muslim Sufis
(saints) and mystics like Moinuddin Chishti, Ali Hejveri, Bah-ud-Zikriya, Miran Hussain
Zanjani, etc.
These dedicated, selfless Sufis and mystics rejected the vices, discouraged the caste system and
inequality in the Indian society. Before advent of Islam, People of sub-continent were divided
into different social factions through rigid caste system.
When these Saints and Mystics presented and preached the true image of the Islamic principles.
These principles attracted many followers and got huge conversions because of its principals and
simple way of life.
17. MUSLIMS AND NON-MUSLIMS’ RELATIONS IN
SUBCONTINENT
Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk was the first Muslim ruler in Subcontinent, who permanently
established Muslim dynasty in subcontinent that followed by Sultanate dehli, slave dynasty
and Mughal rulers.
However, Islam was a blessing for the lower classes of India. The people of lower
occupational groups who were suppressed under the existing social order willingly embraced
the Islam.
A strong Muslim community came into existence on the soil of India, who had its own
understanding of life, culture, norms, values, customs and heroes. The Muslims established
their national identity through the unmatched popularity of Islam in Subcontinent.
Hinduism made many efforts to stop the expansion of Islam. Several Hindu movements
emerged with the slogan to reforms the Indian society actually to halt expansion of Islam.
18. MUSLIMS AND NON-MUSLIMS’ RELATIONS IN
SUBCONTINENT
The magnetic force of Islam and its attractive principles of equality, brotherhood, social
justice and respect defeated the all effort of Hinduism.
Deen-e-Ilahi and Bakhti movements etc created a strong reaction and anger among the
Muslim religious scholars. So, they made efforts to protect and preserve the true image of
Islam. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others was significant to oppose such kind of
movement as they made great efforts to restore pure teachings of Islam.
Sheikh Ahmad opposed un-Islamic trends. Furthermore, he advocated the separate identity
and image of Muslim nationalism. He was believer of Two-Nation theory and favor of
maintaining the separate identity between Muslims and Hindus.
The principles of equality and social justice acted like magnetic forces for the Hindus to be
inspired from; and lead them to follow Islam.
20. Background
Birth
Early Education
Higher education
Contributions (Books, Movemets, Poetry,
Leadership, Awareness, educational
contribution, Literacy contribution)
Role for two nation theory
Death
Summary
21. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF CREATION OF PAKISTAN
Two Nation Theory and Pakistan Ideology
Establishment of the Sovereignty of Almighty Allah
Establishment of Islamic Democracy
Justice and Equality
Rights and Duties
Preservation of Islamic Culture
Protection of Muslim Image and Identity
Establishment of the Balanced Economic System
Conclusion
