reading

1. 2017
Prof. Onyinkwa Bismarck
THE BEAUTYFUL ONES ARE NOT
YET BORN

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Prof. onyinkwa
THE BEAUTYFUL ONES ARE NOT YET BORN
About The Author
Ayi Kwei Armah was born in 1939 to Fante-speaking parents in the port city of Takoradi, Ghana.
He left Ghana in 1959 to attend the Groton School in Groton, MA. Afterwards, he attended
Harvard. Much of his work deals with the problems of post-colonial Ghana.
Part one
Abstract
The Beautyful Ones Are not Yet Born (1968), describes the life of an unnamed rail worker who is
pressured by his family and fellow workers to accept bribes and involve himself in corrupt
activities in order to provide his family with material goods. The other workers who accept
bribes are able to live a prosperous life, while he and his family live from pay check to pay check
as a result of his honesty. At times he perceives himself as a moral failure for not providing his
family with the money which would allow them to have the beautiful things that they seek. His
honesty also makes him a social misfit, and he is a man who is truly alone. The book is filled
with images of birth, decay and death, most notably in the form of a manchild through Aboliga
the frog p.63 who goes through the entire life cycle in seven years. This manchild is a metaphor
for post-independence Ghana.
Full summary of the novel
The novel starts with the man in the decrepit old bus on the way to his place of work at railway
station. At the end of the bus journey, all passengers climbed onto the road sleepy and tired. For
dirtying the bus with saliva, at the very back of the seat, the bus conductor insults the man,
“Your bloody fucking sonofabitch! Article of no Commercial Value!You thing the bus belongs to
your grand father?” Since the man was very asleep, he wakes up and looks at his accuser and
understands nothing. The conductor continues throwing accusation to him, Are you a child? You
vomit your smelling spit all over the place. Why? You don’t have a bedroom?”p.6.
The man looks down on his glistering offence shame dwarfs him. He takes the old ticket from
the pocket and wipes the moisture off, then conductor laughs at him a crackling laugh and
scorns the man, “So country man, you don’t have a handkerchief two” “ get out!”… “ Or were you
waiting to shit in the bus? ”
Without saying a word, the man moves slowly past the front of the bus as he walks by the driver,
the driver coughs a short, a violent which ended with a horse growl as he cleaned his stuffed
throat p.7.
On the way to his office the man walks nearby decipherable box printed “K.C.C. RECEPTACLE
FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTE. KEEP YOUR COUNTRY CLEAN BY KEEPING YOUR CITY
CLEAN”. We are told that a lot of money was used to install this box but words are no longer
decipherable because of the heap of rubbish poured nearby. As the man reaches at the place he
takes debris of old tickets from the pocket and throws them to the same heap. As he continues
walking asleep, he is nearly knocked by the taxi the situation that leads the driver to pour scorns
at him, “uncircumcised baboon…your mother’s rotten cunt…moronof frog. If your time has
come, search for some one else to take your worthless life”p.9.
Man arrives at his office.
After fed up with scorns, man arrives at the station where he finds a night clerk fallen asleep.
When he awakens he informs the manall the problems occurred over the night among others;
the death of control telephone at Kajokrom and other lines. p 14-16. The night clerk has not also
completed some of his responsibility as logging the date therefore, the man completes in stead
of. While man still in his office comes a messenger who won a 100 cedi in lottery but he is not
sure of getting the money because of the bureaucracy and corruption system in their
government, “I know people who won more thanfive hundred cedis last year they still haven’t
got their money…I hope some officials at the lottery place will take some of my hundred cedis as

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a bribe and allow me to have the rest”, says the massager, p.19.
Again enter Amakwa, the timber man in the very same office to bribe man because his timbers
are rotting in the forest of lack transporting space in the train, but the man replies him
negatively as, “I am sorry” but I have nothing to do with allocations” I have my job: the booking
clerk has his job. I don’t interfere with him”p.29.It means that the man is not responsible with
the allocations of luggage train rather with passengers. Amakwa takes two notes to bribe the
man, “ Take that one for yourself and give the other one to your friend” (Pg 30).but the man
disclaims the offer.
A man returns home
When work ours are finished, man leaves for home. On the way to home he meets with
Koomson and his wife Estella as they are going to nightclubs. He exchanges gossips with them
and promises to visit man on Sunday. At the bus stand there are merchandise women selling
slices of bread. One womanasks Koomson to buy more bread for his girl friend but Koomson
refuses by saying that he does not have girls. This surprises the woman as she says. “Have you
ever seen a big man without girls…”p 37.
Soon the bus arrives and the waiting people slide towards it, but the conductor walks away down
the road. In a few moments the waiters can hear the sound of his urine hitting the clean – your –
city can. After urinating the conductor goes to bread sellers and returns while eating a shiny loaf
of bread. With a full mouth the conductor shouts abuses at those who have already climbed
inside the bus “Get down! Get down! Have you paid and you are sitting inside?” p39.
The man gets in the bus choosing a seat by a window. Onthe way via different streets there is a
hot smell of caked shit, rubbish, crushed tomatoes and rotten vegetables. The smell makes
people spit so much in the bus. Across the aisle on the seat opposite the man, there is an old
man sleeping and his mouth is open to the air rushing in the night with many particles.p40.
The journey is over and the man gets down, he arrives at home and explains to her wife his
meeting with Koomson,“ I shook hands with his wife, and I can smell her still. Her hand was wet
with the stuff perfume”. Oyo is not pleased at all with this message from her husband as she
replies, “ Mmmm, life has treated her well” p.42. Mockingly man tells her wife “These were the
socialists of Africa fat, perfumed, soft with the ancestral, softeners of chiefs who had sold their
people and able celestially happy with fruits of the trade” p.131. He also tells the visit by
Koomson on Sunday
The man also tells her about how he has declined the offer from Amakwa. But rather than being
highly praised, his wife sarcastically refers to him as “Chichi dodo”, a bird that hates excrement
but feeds on maggot p. 45.To escape further insults, the man fixes on visiting the Teacher where
he carries conversations with a teacher in chapters 5,6 and 7,the conversations which provide
historical insights into the disappointment with independence.
The man also expresses how Oyo and her mother are no longer listening to him rather his
Excellency Joseph Koomson, minister Plenipotentiary, member of the presidential commission,
Hero of socialist labour p 56.He also explains how Koomson has fooled them claiming that he
would buy them a fishing boat. So they are using boat to despise and hit man on the head
complains man.p.57.
He also explains how Oyo tries to use philosophical ideas to persuade a man to take corruption
so that their children would look like Koomson’s children as,“Life was like a lot of roads, long
roads, short roads, wide and narrows, steep and level, all sorts of roads”… “This was the point at
which she told me that those who wanted to get far had to learn to drive fast, Koomson had
learnt to drive so faster”. p. 58.
They are also talking of Koffi Billy who once worked in Transportation Company. Koffi Billy was
cut his right leg away beneath the knee and he was told by his boss that he deserved it because
he had been playing and he was dismissed from the job without any compensation. Because of
frustration Koffi Billy engages with sister Maanan to smoke WEE‘Marijuana ‘. p.69

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Frustrations within Ghanaian society, has led to the majority resorting in commenting things
which are so cumbersome, as the author writes that it was not only Koffi Billy who faces with
frustrations, but the Teacher also has alienated himself from his home because he knows that he
cannot take care of his family. He decides to live alone, listening to music and reading p. 94,
thus why when man arrived at that night he found teacher studying in his room while naked.
Armah writes that there were men dying from the loss of hope and others were finding colourful
ways to enjoy power they did not have...“These men who were to lead us out of our despair, they
came like man already grownfat and cynical with the eating of centuries of power they had
never struggled for, old before they had even been born into power, and ready only for the
grave”p.81.
They also remember when they fought for independence by referring to one of the speech which
spells out “We do not serve ourselves if we remain like insects, fascinated by the white people’s
power!”’… “Alone, I can nothing. I have nothing. We have power. But we will never see it work.
Unless we choose to come together to make it work. Let us come together”p. 87.However after
attainment of independence the party men lived luxurious life, fucked women, and changed
them like clothes, asking only for blouses and perfumes from diplomatic bags and wigs of
human hair. Armah writes, “ young juicy vaginas waiting for him, some hired place paid by the
government ”p. 90.
Also the author flashes back to the journey that manonce had to go to cape coast. On the way
come three different policemen, to stopping their little bus and ask the driver for Kola (corrupt)
because he does not possess a license (pg 95). On the same page, the author talks about
Zacharias Lagos a Nigerianworking for a sawmill, and lives like a rich despite his small salary a
month. Every evening a company truck brings at his home great lengths of healthy wood, which
he sells all of it. When he was caught people called him a good, generous man, and cursed the
jealous man who had reported his dealings (pg 95).
In p.96 we read this person called Abednego Yamoah who uses to sell government petrol for
himself, but there is always some one else, a cleaner, to be jailed and never Abednego. The whole
world says he is a good man, and the people around the society ask themselves why shouldn’t
they be like him.
Armah captures his doubt through the Teacher, a character who has a clear awareness of the
origin and nature of the nation’s crises as he says, “Life has not changed. Only some people have
been growing, becoming different, that is all. After a youth spent fighting the white man, why
should not the president discover, as he grows older that his real desire has been to like the
white governor himself, to live above all blackness in the big old slave castle?”p.92.Man comes
from teacher’s home
When the man arrives home from his friend teacher he finds his wife asleep. He also joins the
bed with his wife touching her through different parts of her body. We are told that genital parts
of Oyo are so harder, with scars on the stomach. p.98“He put out his hand and touched the
body in between the things just below the genitals,” writes the author.
It is in the morning of the next day
The man goes to take bath in a very dirty and smelly bathroom, as the author writes that the
door of the bathroom is rotten at the button and the smell of dead wood filled his nostrils and
caressed the cavity of his mouth (p.101). The hole leading the water out is again partly blocked
with everybody’s sponge strands, ‘mabaki ya spoji za kuogea’ .The water underneath goes out
very slowly. After the bath, man goes back to his room, takes a cup of tea. After tea he collects
bus fare and the handkerchief off to the bus stationary.Man arrives to the office
Man arrives at the office where he meets a messy of some traveller’s vomit. At the very office
man rejects a greeting he was given simply because a person has addressed him as a sir. He goes
directly to his office. While in the office, man is called by the nature (Toilet). Up stair toilets are
closed because only the senior service men have keys. He takes some old stiff paper and goes

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directly to the public toilet down stairs. (pg 105).in the toilet he reads the writings on the
wall,“…VAGINA SWEET,MONEY SWEET PASS ALL,WHO BORN FOOL SOCIALISM CHOP
MAKE CHOP CONTREY BROKEYOU BROKEN NOT SO?PRAY FOR DETENTION JAILMAN
CHOP FREE.” Pg 106.
When man comes back he finds Amakwa, the timber man has already bribed the booking clerk
and when the timber man sees man he scorns him, “You, you are a very wicked man. You will
never prosper ”. p. 107.As usually man replies nothing.
In very late hours, arrives one of the official supervisors who was a bursar at one of the Ghana
national Secondary Schools before coming to the Railway Administration. When he was at
Secondary school he caused student to be fixed from school by the minister for education after
writing the letter to probe the money embezzled by him as bursar. (p. 109). So instead of chasing
him, he was transferred to another department in the samegovernment.Man’s home, a place of a
silent one
What next, the author takes us to man’s home after he has completed his shift from work. Man
finds his family in a great preparation for a visit by Koomson. Man is also joining the
preparation as he starts to arrange his old cushions and chairs while Oyo prepares food. Oyo in
his preparation she needs drinks of high quality though financially they are very poor.
While in her kitchen Oyo feeds her children before he assigns her husband to take them to their
grand mother. Then after the husband take them to their grandmother. She also tells her
husband to inform the old womanto come to talk to the minister (Koomson). On the way to the
old woman something cut a little boy because he was in bare feet. As they arrive the old woman
says to a crying child,“My poor husband! You have no shoes to wear, so your poor little feet get
torn to pieces. Ei, my husband, you have no body to buy you shoes, so your little toes will all be
destroyed. You must know you have nobody, you are an orphan, a complete orphan”p.123. As
usually man replies nothing despite of the rude phrases.
Then man comes back home from his mother-in-law to complete his arrangements and ready to
receive the minister. He finds his wife making her hair so that she looks beautiful womanas
Estella, “Its only bush women who wear their hair natural” Oyotells her husband. She continues
burning while keeping on saying “If I had a wig, there would be no trouble.” replies man, “If you
had a wig. ‘I’d be in jail ” (pg 128).Koomson arrives at Man’ home
Koomson arrives with his car, accompanied with Estella his wife. Koomson himself looks
obviously larger than the chair he is occupying, writes the author. Then man opens the beer and
Koomson says “Cheers!”. But the high voice of his wife cut the air to pieces as she says, “This
local beer, does not agree with my constitutions ”. She continues. “ Really, the only good drinks
are European drinks. These make you ill… you should have bought European drinks and not
have wasted your money like this”. p 132. But she soon joins the drinks.
As we all know drunks are fluently go for a short call. Koomson therefore asks to be shown a
toilet some thing makes man to worry as he says, “We don’t have a toilet here. We have a place
all right, only it isn’t anything-high class. It isn’t a toilet, you see. Just a latrine ” p.134.
They then start talking of the issue of a boat as the main topic brought Koomson to his
schoolmate. When the old woman asks Koomson the issue of fishing boat he says that socialism
is doing bad since it prohibits people to have such things. In case of money Koomson says, “The
money is not the difficult thing, after all, the Commercial Bank is ours, and we can do anything ”
(pg 136). But we are told that the boat was bought using Oyo and her mother’s names whereby
they peel off ‘waliambulia’ fishes to eat, though in page 153 the author writes that the man
doesn’t like the fish, “please don’t cook more fish to me”.Man and Oyo are at Koomson home
Man and his wife have gone to Koomson’home for the issue of signing a boat project. At home a
young girl in blue jeans and white T-shirt speaking English like white child welcomes them. The
door is opened by servant girl (house girl) of 16 years. They get seated on sofas and asked to say
what kind of drinks they would prefer.p.147.

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The end of the novel and the escape of Koomson
Along with Koomson he passes through the latrine but cleanses himself in the seawater. Who is
this man who wants to teach us how to live in a corrupt world? Is he the beautiful one?
Koomson escapes from the country with the active collaboration of the man. The humiliating
process of his escape through the lavatory and the harbour underscores the vanity of
irresponsible power.
The novel ends with the man returning home from the harbour. The camp has not really
changed anything fundamentally in the life of the nation. Soldiers and police still extort Kola –
euphemism for bribe – from travellers. The man is going back to his home “ the land of the
silent ones” and his dull working environment.
Part two: analysis of the novel
Themes
Corruption and bribery
The theme of corruption runs amongst the leadership and ordinary people alike. Successive
governments come in with promises which end up as an opportunity for the leaders and their
groups to enrich themselves. Corruption in Ghana and in all African countries at large are
virtually acceptable as a legal means of enrichment, and it is being caused by bureaucracy,
poorly paid workers and modernization. For example Amakwa approaches the manto get his
timber transported from the bush for a reward. This is due to bureaucracy that exists in most of
African countries. It has reached a time that if you don’t have ‘kitu kidogo’ you can never attain
any services. Though man refuses the offer comes his fellow worker, accepts the bribe and man
who refuses resorting in scorns from Amakwa, “You, you are a very wicked man. You will never
prosper…”Pg 107
Modernization causes corruption in most of African countries to such an extent that if at all you
refuse to take the bribe, people seem to despise you. For example whenman tells his wife how
he declines the offer s his wife rather than highly praises him she sarcastically refers to him as a
“ Chichidodo”, a bird that hates excrement but feeds on maggot. But another manin the same
office takes it.
The state apparatus that is supposed to ensure that corruption is not practised in the society is
also in the forefront of the practice. There is an incidence for example when a policeman
receives bribe from the bus driver in public.
There is also a messenger, who won the money in the lottery but, he is sure that without giving
bribes to some officials he will not get the money. The messenger has an experience of this
savagery (ushenzi) as he says, “I know people who wonmore than five hundred cedis last year
they still haven’t got their money…I hope some officials at the lottery place will take some of my
hundred cedis as a bribe and allow me to have the rest’’
It seems that corruption amongst public officials has become an accepted practice. The life of
luxury is represented in the Atlantic Caprice, a luxury hotel which even the manis attracted to;
he feels set apart from society and even from his family. His closest friend is the Teacher who
freed himself and lives away alone. In his view, the country’s leaders feel a twisted form of love
for the white men they have replaced and as an example the corrupt minister Koomson, who
takes every opportunity to advance his interest.
Money and corruption.
The issue of money arises constantly throughout the book. In the first chapter, the Ghanaian
currency, the Cedi, is introduced. The conductor of the minibus collects the fare from each of the
riders, making sure that he gets the big amount of money and no less. One rider gives a cedi note
which is much more than is necessary, but does not ask for change. The conductor reflects as he
waits nervously at the front of the minibus savoring the touch of the bill. He reflects that the

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economy must be doing well so late in the month since one rider still has a cedi bill remaining
for his fare. The conductor hopes that the rider will not ask for change, for he would profit more
if he does not have to give any change. In a time whencurrency is scarce, people would do just
about anything to obtain some.
In the second chapter, a messenger of the man wins something in the lottery. One hundred cedis
is not a large sum, but a sum that he says so many people would jump on him to help him eat it.
The messenger's worry is that he wouldn't receive his money. He says that he knew several
people who had won 500 cedis in the lottery the previous year who had yet to see any of their
winnings. The main character suggests that he go to the police for help. The messenger replies
that it would cost more money to go to the police, so he would just wait until something
happens.
Embezzlement of government fund
Armah reveals to us the social life of Ghanaians whereby government leaders like Koomson,
Zacharias Lagos, and Abednego Yamoah undergo luxurious life through embezzlement of
government fund.For example Koomson and his wife Estella through embezzlement of
government funds are able to buy expensive things such as cars, furniture like Sofa and their
daughter princes is also dressed expensively and behaves like the British.
Moreover Koomson physique shows how much he embezzles the government fund. “… Koomson
himself looked obviously larger than the chair he was occupying”pg 130 – 1. He is carved in the
image of neo-colonial leaders who are fattened by the fruits of betrayal of their own people. As
the man ironically says of him and his likes, “These were the socialists of Africa, fat, perfumed,
soft with the ancestral softness of chiefs who had sold their people and are celestially happy with
the fruits of the trade,” (pg 131).
Sending their children to kindergarten in Europe is something usual to them. p. 92.It is equally
true that depending on monthly pay checkit is difficult to live luxurious life, taking children to
abroad for studying without swindling of government fund. What writes Armah exist in most of
African countries, Tanzania being among. Leaders are living luxurious and expensive life than
even colonialism as once said the late Prof.Chachage from UDSM.
Koomson assures Oyo and her mother that the money to buy a private business boat is not a big
issue as he says, “The money is not the difficult thing. After all, the Commercial Bank is ours and
we can do anything.” Pg 136.If this is not embezzlement might be what? African leaders have
reached to the point of doing what they feel only for their own advantages. Taking this example
from a weekly newspaper “Raia Mwema Disemba 5, 2007”writes, “ Mzimu wa Buzwagi wamvaa
Mramba; Alitoa msamaha wa kodi ya mafuta ‘milele’” meaning that the ghost of Mramba gave
oil tariff excuse for ever (author translation). One would ask a lot of questions, Is this his
country? Were another leaders asleep when this agreement was made? Was the county in leave?
This is how our African countries have been monopolised by few people put in offices by the
majority African themselves.
Taking of Zacharia Lagos a Nigerian who works for a sawmill and lives like a rich despite his
small salary a month. We are told that every evening a company truck brought home great
lengths of healthy wood, which he sold all of it. Such people are many in African countries who
are supervising various business for their own profit, thus why most of African industries have
died a natural death. We had for example in a numeral of textile industries of which are no
longer existing.
In Ghana society has reached to the extent of praising those who embezzle government funds.
For example when Abednago Yamoah used to sell government petrol for himself, the whole
world says he is a good man and the whole world asks “ why we are not like him.”(pg
96).Therefore it is we Africans who are ignorance. Have you ever wondered why our parliament
never took time to have a lengthy and candid discussion on the purchase of the military radar ?
The radar that was found tobe "wrong for the country, overpriced, and had all signs of

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corruption"?
Ask your selves how comes African countries are very poor indeed and still we have, several gold
mines and various potential gold deposits, large coal deposits, iron ore deposit, diamond mine
and diamond deposits, Songo Songo gas and other newly discovered gas deposits, large forest
reserves, beautiful National Parks and several ports. The Beutyful Ones is the answer to these
questions.
Lack For Hope And Despair
Towards the end of the book, Ayi hopes that things will get better, although he confesses that
there is no indication of any present efforts to help prepare for a better future for independent
Africans. That tomorrow is yet to come 40 years on, although we mouth the word
"independence", as if that is a satisfactory end in itself. Was Africa's independence a mere
exchange between white exploiter and black exploiter? Why do the same patterns recur across
the continent? Is this in fact the real face of African leadership? African tribal chieftains
regularly sold their own people into slavery long before the transatlantic slave trade became the
norm.
Alienation
Alianation,refers to the individual subject's estrangement from its community, society, or
world.The author shows alienations in three aspects namely;
(i) Alienation of the lucky ones from the mass.
At these aspects the novelist talks of these government officials such as ministers were put on
power by the mass, instead they are less pre occupied with problems of ordinary citizens. They
have caused the condition in the society be more worse. They are more concerned with leisure
and pleasures, making parties, going to nightclubs and running after girls as Koomson
represents them. Leaders are now changing girls as clothes simply because they have money as
the author writes “Young juicy vaginas waiting for him in some hired place paid by the
government” (pg 90). The society have experiences these dealings by their leaders as says this
woman who is selling loafs of breads, “Have you ever seen a big man without girls…”pg 37. Big
man means those people with authority,and,man,in-Ghan-asociety.
(ii) Alienation of a person from the society
The man is being insulted by a number of people in his society for not being in corruption. This
is because corruption in Ghana society is accepted as a social norm. They believe corruption to
be as a means of getting rich quickly. For example Oyo and his mother pour scorns at him that
he is nobody.
Also Teacher sees that in his society everyone who wants to be happy will soon get involved in
corruption. Having seen this he sees that it is difficult to look after his parents and married,
hence he runs away from his home and decides to lie lonely life. For example when the mangoes
to him tonight he finds the teacher sleeping necked, reading and listening to music (pg 91).(iii)
Alienation of a person from himself. The teacher, Koffi Billy and sister Maanan are alienated
from themselves by resorting to drug abuse (wee). For example Maananthrough exploitation
and neglect from her the government she is driven into insanity.Another ill treated victim is
Koffi – Billy. He lost his leg accidentally yet, no one cares for him hence he commits suicide.
Lack of unity
The man is alone in his uprightness and this loneliness is a burden to him. He is not supported
by anyone in the society even his own wife is against his character. The man fails even to explain
why he hates bride while every one in the society is corrupt. We have such people in most of
African countries who see evils being done within a society but nobody reports such evils. For
example during elections in our society leaders are bribing the majority but the work to fight
such bribe is left to PCCB officials who at sometimes are not nearby the scene.

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Hence the novelist shows us that, evils in the society cannot be fought alone. Therefore the man
needs cooperation with his fellow members of the society who might in one way or another hate
corruption.
The role and position of women.
The novelist portrays a
(i) Woman as a person who praises and embraces the western culture and despises her own
culture. She likes to look very modern despite the means of achieving her to the modern world.
For example Oyo burns her hear so that she can change her natural beauty to be like a white
man.
The situation of Estella to degrade Ghanaian drinks and praises European drinks shows how
women abandon their cultures and embrace foreign cultures as Estella says, “This local beer,
does not agree with my constitutions ”... “ Really, the only good drinks are European drinks.
These make you ill… you should have bought European drinks and not have wasted your money
like this”(pg 132).
(i) Woman as a person with bad advice. Estella and princes have tempted Koomson to embezzle
government funds in order to facilitate placement of the life style of Europeans. For Example
prince’s wears jeans and Tshirt like Europeans.
In short African Cultures are being undermined day to day by we African themselves. The
ideology that Western cultures to be superior than Africans has made a large number of Africans
to embrace them in various ways. They have imitated everything interims of dressing, talking
and love affairs
The results of all means are seen on our Youth, they cope each and everything from Europe just
to mention a few, the way of dressing, walking and even talking. Further still some are adopting
nudism culture of dressing half naked as the author writes.Women are busying themselves
decorating them so that they look like European women. They use a lot of money to buy
cosmetics for body wearing and air changing, among other cosmetics according to (Msafiri
2007:28) synthetic perfumes, fragrances scents, and toxic household products include
deodorants, detergents, powders, colognes, laundry detergents, soaps, shampoos, incense,
suntan lotions, aftershaves, floor polishes, analgesic creams, fabric softeners, anti-cling which
have negative effects to their health.
Oyo and her mother view a man as a coward simply because he refuses to take bribe and hence
he fails to raise the standard of life for himself and his loved ones
(iii) Woman as a person with unconstructive ideas. Women have also been portrayed as being
among the suffering majority whotake resolutions, which are in no way constructive. Maanam
who symbolizes the millions of marginalized Ghanaians after being disillusioned by the vision of
the betrayal by their men, she resorts to take drugs as a means to postpone her despair, in the
end she is a drunk to the extent.
(iv) Womanas dynamic person. Moreover women have been portrayed as being dynamic and
they act according to situations. The man’s wife who was former on opposition with her husband
who rejected bribes, supported her husband’s only following the situation, which corruption
supporters face after the coup .
(v) Woman as disdain person. Also the author draws a womanas a disdain person (mtu mwenye
dharau.).This is verified from the words of man’ mother-in-law which describes man as is no
body, is no longer existing and as a person who doesn’t take care of his family. Here are the
words by this old woman, “My poor husband! You have no shoes to wear, so your poor little feet
get torn to pieces. Ei, my husband, you have no body to buy you shoes, so your little toes will all

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be destroyed. You must know you have nobody , you are an orphan, a complete orphan. 123.
(vi) As a businessperson. The author portrays a woman who sells bread at the bus stand and
asks Koomson to buy more bread for his girl friend but Koomson refuses by saying that he does
not have girls. This surprised the womanas she says. “Have you ever seen a big man without
girls”p.37.
The Past and Present in the Post-Colonial Novel
In The Beautyful Ones however, the role of history plays a much more sinister role. Armah uses
a two-fold approach, firstly examining contemporary Ghanaianpolitics in the post-
independence period. However, he places this against a second perspective, that of centuries of
oppression and betrayal of the Ghanaian people: first by white colonialists, and subsequently by
the indigenous leaders that collaborated and eventually replaced them.
Between 1951 and 1966, a process of decolonisation took place in what was then the Gold Coast
under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah and his Convention People’s Party. Nkrumah’s vision
was one of a modernized and socialist Ghana leading a pan-Africanmovement. Armah’s opinion
of Nkrumah in practice is made clear: years of state intervention in the economy managed to do
little but encourage the personal power of the black elite. Much of his narrative is spent
examining the likes of Konsoom, as they abuse the resources of the state in striving to imitate
their former European masters: accumulating their possessions, imitating their accents and
anglicizing their names. Armah’s scornful disappointment in the promises of independence can
be seen in the following passage:
We were ready here for big and beautiful things, but what we had was our own black men
hugging new paunches they came like men already grown fat and cynical with the feasting of
centuries of power growing greasy on the troubles of people” p. 94.
To Armah, officials of the newly independent State have simply replaced the colonial officials,
and the same giant gap still separates the few who control wealth and power, and the masses
attempting to survive on a daily basis. In Armah’s opinion, captured in the lament of the
teacher, nothing has really changed since the struggle for independence:
This was for which poor men had fought and shouted not that the whole thing might be
overturned and ended, but that a few black men might be pushed closer to their masters, to eat
some of the fat into their bellies too. p. 147-8.
However, Armah’s clear disgust for African politicians must be seen in the context of a much
larger picture. Ghana’s (then the Gold Coast) interaction with Europe began in 1471 whenthe
Portuguese first landed in search of gold, and by the sixteenth century, slaves. Over the next
three centuries, various parts of the coastal area were controlled by a number of European
powers. As the Gold Coast was searched, many tribal chiefs participated in this exploitation by
aiding Europeans in their endeavors, selling their people for the trinkets of Europe. p. 175.
It is against this historical backdrop that Armah makes his assessment of contemporary
Ghanaian politics: the betrayal of indigenous leaders is inevitable. Armah writes: “These were
the socialists of Africa, fat, perfumed, soft with the ancestral softness of chiefs who have sold
their people and are celestially happy with the fruits of the trade”. p. 153-4.
Leaders such as Konsoom, personally profiting from the misuse of the public purse, are simply
the latest in a long line of those who have let down the people of Africa. The teacher recalls the
sense of hope he had for Nkrumah’s leadership to bring a social, political and economic rebirth
for Ghana. Instead, he realized that upon reaching power, the new leadership had already grown
old and decayed. Following the coup at the end of the novel, the man too realizes that things will
be no different, but merely new people, new style, old dance. p. 185.
Armah’s observations therefore suggest that post-independent African nations such as Ghana
are locked into a cycle of political, social and economic despair. He appears to view the current

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situation as simply inevitable in light of the centuries of moral compromises made by both
Africans and Europeans.
Hopelessness
In The Beautyful Ones, the hopelessness of the nation is highlighted when the man feels
burdened with the knowledge that their future is sacrifice, their birthright bartered in advance
to the occupants of the white men’s gleaming bungalows. The man wonders about his children
whether one of them would grow up and soar upward with so much power that there would be
enough left over to pull the others also up. For the moment, however, there is nothing but dirt
and human excrement that Armah uses to paint the man’s surroundings.
Political disillusionment
Political disillusionment is clearly a theme in Armah’s novel, and it is aimed squarely at Ghana’s
political corruption and failed development. It includes, too, the remaining effects of
colonization on a post-independent society and the continuance of a cycle of exclusion, both
socially and economically. He vividly depicts the filth, rot and corruption of the man’s
surroundings, where the public lavatory becomes the show-room of a people’s sins, the banister
a symbol of civil and civic corruption.
Struggling
The man (who remains nameless throughout the novel) struggles to find something good about
life in Ghana, but can only hold onto his own integrity for comfort. He watches his friends grow
rich through cheating their fellow countrymen out of money and by sucking up to rich white
men, and is betrayed by his wife and family for failing to provide for them and bring in the
money to buy European beers and Japanese cars. He suffers as he watches his own children go
without, but cannot bring himself to abandon his own morals. When the old regime is
overthrown by the military, his formerly rich friends have a price slapped on their heads
overnight, and the man must choose between helping his corrupt friend and saving his life, or
allowing the authorities to catch him.
Classes
Ghana society is occupied with classes of haves and have-nots. The have class is characterized by
people who live luxurious life. They have their own residential like the Sikofo Estate; they use
expensive cosmetics and changing girls, as punts are something usual to them.
However the class of have-nots is characterized by people whose standard of living is very bad
and sad. We see for example, a mother sucking her child’s wet congested nostrils, “under a dying
lamp a child is disturbed by a long cough coming from somewhere deep in the centre of the
infant body. At the end of it his mother puts her mouth to the wet congested nostrils and sucks
them free. The mess she lets fall gently by the roadside and with her bare foot she rubs it softly
into the earth. 41.
Also people under this class are paid lowly the situation, which leads to alienation. For example
teacher having seen that he is not able to taking care of his family he resolves to alienation.
Man’s children are walking bare footed as the young boy is cut by something when on the way to
his grandmother. Had these children have shoes; manwouldn’t have embraced scorns from his
mother in law.
However the teacher a character who has a clear perception of the origin and nature of the
nation’s classes doesn’t take any action which is for the better of the society. “Life has not
changed. Only some people have been growing, becoming different, that is all. After a youth
spent fighting the white man, why should not the president discover, as he grows older that his
real desire has been to be like the white governor himself, to live above all blackness in the big
old slave castle?” (Pg 92).

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The hero
The book begins coldly. The hero is introduced to the reader only as "the man.'' In fact one never
learns his name or reads a description of him. It is almost as if the man is hidden by his
surroundings. This man's world is rotting. The book is full with horrifying images. The plants,
the air, even the furniture seem to be alive and sucking all of the oxygen out of his world.
Everything is covered with a thick layer of filth and excrement. The whole universe pulls on the
man. If the man already feels crowded with the force of unnaturally alive inanimate objects, then
his family seems to almost break him with their demands and complaints.
Dilemma
The man finds no comfort, no understanding in the requests of his world. No one congratulates
him on his efforts to remain honest and fair. Instead they push him to take bribes and favors. He
is, his mother-in-law, explains a useless nobody who refuses to "improve" the lives of his family.
They wonder why he can't be more like his former schoolmate Koomsom, a minister in the
government who has sacrificed ethics for elegant living.
The man must suffer alone as he tries to keep his eyes and mind on what is right. He lives in
isolation among his family. The only one who understands him is "the teacher," who the man
visits late at night for some consolation. But the teacher is burnt out and suspicious, spending
his time reading naked or aimlessly listening to the radio.
The Coup
The coup shifts the country's leadership. Suddenly the powerful Koomsom is powerless, stinking
with the horrible smell of fear. The man is his only way to safety and freedom outside of the
country. Together the men must crawl through the neighborhood latrine to find safety and
freedom. They rush through the countryside avoiding the police. It is only then that the man can
smell fresh air for the first time.
CONFLICTS
Family conflictMan’s family falls under conflict because of poverty. He lives in poverty with his
family to such an extent that he faces hostility from members of his family since; he fails to
provide them with good life. Having failed to provide his family with the things they want, he is
viewed as a worthless person who does not even deserve to be respected. His mother in law
keeps pouring scorns on him every now.Personal conflicts Manis very nervous every time
because he sees the reality but he finds no solution for the problems that exist in his society. He
is just passive and submissive in various confrontations his reply is always ... “I don’t know”...or
“keeping silence” while he has a lot of contracting ideas in his mind.
Koffi Billy also loses hope of getting good life because of aggressive government. Hence his
decision was to hang himself. The teacher is living under frustration; he compares the situation
before and after independence. His findings were that, in order for any person to give his loved
ones the things they want must involve himself in corruption. However his idealism makes him
passive and just maintains his hope that one day he will meet the loved one. Maanan resorts to
take drugs to the case of her frustrations. She is later driven to insanity.Political conflict This
conflict arises among members of the first government and those who won out coup d’etat. It
was found that the first government was leading the country to a bad end. Therefore some
leaders of the first government were killed and put in power new leadership hoping that the new
government would do away with evils. However the new government seems to be in many ways
the same as the previous one.
MASSAGES
Passive resistance leads to more frustration.This means people are supposed to express their
dissatisfactions openly with the hope of imparting awareness to others and hence to mobilize
majority support and emerge wars against evils. The man, Maanan, Koffi Billy and Teacher who
see the reality and take impossible resolutions rather than speaking out openly and organizing

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the masses to oppose the corrupt government, are not regarded as revolutionaries. Hence their
passive resistance contributed a lot to their frustration as others have committed to suicide and
drag abuse..Poverty is a source of misunderstandings in any society.There are a lot of
misunderstandings in the family of Man, he is not in good atmosphere with his wife and his
mother in law, because, the two cannot be provided with what they want by man. However, they
think will able to get the required things if he involves himself in corruption .He remains poor
hence misunderstandings.Classes are inevitable where there is no equal chance of access to
people’s rights.Following the betrayal of masses by leaders, the masses find themselves having,
narrow chances of access to basic humanneeds like education while their leaders have access to
everything. For example luxurious life lead by Koomson ands Estella, sending their children to
Europe and speaking English as white children.
With exploitation the beautiful one will remain a day dream
The idea of leaders exploiting their own people is nothing new. African peoples must begin
addressing this leadership crisis at the community level. Inparticular, the collaborator culture
that allows Africans to exploit their own people must be addressed if real change is to be
achieved. Otherwise, the "beautiful ones" will remain a daydream. All over the world, it is
peasants who have forced changes in their communities. In Africa, tribalism is used to divide the
peasants so that they become collaborators even to very bad governments. The earlier
mentioned cohorts of collaborators are adept at engineering this situation.
What is happening in Zimbabwe right now, for example, is a big shame. Mugabe has no new
ideas for the country; how could he at his age? In order to move forward, Zimbabweans must
scrutinize those sycophants who support his government only for personal gain. Zimbabwean
people must stop waiting for a 'savior' to deliver them from Mugabe. They have the power, if
they want true change. The alternative is to inherit a 'savior ', after Mugabe dies, who will take
them down the same garden path. Peasant power must arise across Africa to save the continent
from these post-independence 'saviors'.Philosophy & ideology Political independence has not
resulted in the much freedom and transformation. Those who took over power from colonialists
rather than dismantling colonial structures of social injustice and oppression they preserve child
them for opportunistic ends. Thus, post independence years in many ex – colonies of Africa are
characterised by indices of underdevelopment; economic dependency, huge local and foreign
debts, ethno – religious violence, mass unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, electoral fraud,
corruption, inadequate or dysfunctional infrastructures and so on. Neo-colonialism
concentrates political and economic power not in the hands of the people but in the hands of
minority elite whose loyalty seems to be more towards the advanced nations of Europe /
America and Breton woods institutions.
Ayi Kwei Armah is a writer who has fought with the trajectory of he continent history. He offers
deep philosophical reflections on “the trouble with Africa”, then and now. He consistently
engages what he calls the pet assumption of the west, “ Africa is inferior; the west is superior
while not sparing the misrule of indigenous elite”.
Further Ayikwei identifies several factors responsible for underdevelopment. First is the
adoption of a socio – political formation that is not totally, but dependent on Europe and
America.
Second is an exploitative economic system superintended by the so-called developed nations of
the world, with collaboration of African ruling elites. Linked with this is the character of the elite
parochial, self – centred, committed to accumulation of material possession rather than general
well being.
The fourth is bureaucracy that is ironically a cog in the wheel of genuine development, marked
by inefficiency, inconsistency, nepotism and slothfulness. The last factor is a Western oriented
educational system that is not properly connected with indigenous value system, and hence

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generating alienation.
Betrayal.
A new leadership creates its own cohort of collaborators both new and old. Old-new
collaborators switch sides very quickly with a regime change, becoming the most public "praise
singers" for the new regime. Of course the old top leadership has to go into hiding to avoid any
negative repercussions from the new 'power barons.“How long will Africa be cursed with its
leaders? There were men dying from the loss of hope, and others were finding gaudy ways to
enjoy power they did not have. We were ready here for big and beautiful things, but what we had
was our own black menhugging new paunches scrambling to ask the white man to welcome
them onto our backs…we knew then and we know now that the only real power a black mancan
have will come from black people”.
Political, Social And Economic
What Armah do make clear through the constant struggle of his characters is that the political,
social and economic issues in the post-colony are remarkably complex.
The most striking example of this can be witnessed through the man’s employment by the
national railway. This was a railway set up under colonial rule to export out the wealth and
resources of Ghana. The man’s seemingly earnest job, in which he tries to avoid amoral and
corrupt practices, is in fact a part of the system that has, and continues, to be a part of a system
of exploitation removing the wealth and resources of the Ghanaianpeople.
Part three Form
Title The title “The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born” is iron. This means, it does not portray
direct meaning, rather shows that in our societies beautiful ones are being born every day. But
they are being destroyed by their societies in engaging themselves in filth. The word itself
“beautiful” is wrongly misspelled to symbolize evils in the society.
Every time those who were thought to be the beautiful ones they then indulge in corruption and
black mail. They earn themselves luxurious things, style of life, big salaries, high respect and
good houses. Hence the masses are left to suffer poverty as wearing of rags, being illiterate and
hardly get sufficient social services. According to Armah, the blame is to the leaders. Hence good
leaders have not yet come or been elected. Therefore the author has used the title to summarize
what are in the novel.Plot structure
The plot of this novel starts with an incident in the decrepit old bus. Later it shifts to other
incidents. Some incidents are closely connected while others are not connected, but they all
contribute to the moulding of the whole story. The incidents are organized in such a way that the
story is straight forward (chronological order) with some flashbacks.Language
The author has used the purely literacy language as manifested by the followingartist’s features.
Symbolism, satire, style and cycle
Armah in “The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born” comments on the circle and cycle of corruption
in African societies, majorly, Ghana. He presents a situation of a society filled with stench, rot,
filth, and decay. In this novel, everybody seems corrupt. It is a direct comment on human
essence.
The style of Armah writing is also crucial in telling his stories. Symbolism is rife in the work.
Armah fixates on notions of rebirth, imagery of which is scattered throughout The Beautyful
Ones. The very centre of the novel is based on a desire for a regeneration of Ghanaian society,
for future generations, the beautyful ones of the novel’s title. However, rebirth is also something
that Armah mocks, witnessed in the passage describing Koomsom struggling to escape headfirst
and naked down a drop-toilet.
The man in The Beautiful Ones is a symbol of urban poverty and social obscurity, a single

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individual in conflict with values of his society. The man’s only hope is in the guidance of his
friend the teacher, but through the course of the novel, he comes to realise that the teacher too
has no answer, and that he must face his problems alone
Most of Armah’s satire is directed at Koomson, an embodiment of political leadership, but
corrupt practices are also shown throughout the rest of Ghanaiansociety.
Filth as a symbol for situation Africa that has undergone and still undergoing is a bitter one as
filth is everywhere even on the banister which is supposed to be cleaned and that the glimmer of
change is not yet reached, still it is not impossible but needs good wills to passion added to a
good planning .
The unusual spelling of the title is from an inscription on the back of A Ghanian taxi-bus which
Armah chooses to indicated his largely pessimistic vision of the state and society of his country
just before, during and immediately after the reign of Kwame Nkrumah.
The man in the novel is never named and this is an important aspect of the book for you to think
about. After reading this novel, it can never be forgotten because it is intense and although often
the narrator describes a wasteland it is ironically his values and persona that seem beautiful.
This is what leaves you feeling sad that the narrator and other characters do not have what they
deserve in their lives. So although the future of the country is undecided, Armah displays the
power of the human spirit and the values of society as being of utmost importance for the future
of postcolonial Ghana.
PART FOUR NOVEL OUTLOOKS:
Criticisms, Hope and Perspective
Armah does not provide a clear ending in his novel. He leaves us with any sense of positive
resolution at the conclusion. Towards the end of the novel, a leadership coup sees the once
important Konsoom powerless, fleeing for his life through the neighbourhood latrine. Whilst
this at first seems like the tables have been turned, this sense of hope is not long lasting. In the
closing passages of the novel, the man witnesses a policeman of the new regime accept a bribe
from a bus driver, just as he did at the beginning of the novel p. 182-3. It appears to confirm that
things will continue exactly as before, tying into Armah’s belief in the inevitability of historical
circumstances.
Hopeless despair, Total disillusionment, and Profound pessimism, have been just some of the
labels applied to The Beautyful Ones. The self-loathing and disgust that Armah directs toward
Ghanaian society is viewed by some as unacceptable.
It is true that Armah creates a terrible existence for his hero. His indignity is displayed from the
beginning of the book, where after having fallen asleep on the bus, the conductor declares the
man to be an article of no commercial value. p.6
Treatment of the man continues in the same way throughout the novel, as he is cursed at and
mocked, and wades literally through the most disgusting of circumstances.However, positives
can be gleamed from his novel. In The Beatutyful Ones, it is suggested that the determination of
the man to continue on despite the strongest resistance is a sign of hope in the novel.
Hope can also be drawn from the man’s character, from his sensitivity, refusal to compromise
and his lack of self-righteousness. Comments and realism
The beautiful ones are not yet born is a wonderful book, that treats the issue of leadership in the
Dark Continent concomitantly with the issue of corruption and the fatal relationship between
these two matters. But it is very pessimistic vision of the issues of the actual nation. Suffice to
say that Armah’s attackon corruption and the gleam mentality was not only against Ghana but

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every African country.
PART FIVE
SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF THE AUTHOR
The author manages to create vivid scenes of filth and evil throughout the novel but the plot
leaves something to be desired. Characters are vague and action begins very late in the text.
Despite courageous attempts to create a standard, this book still belongs in the upper floor with
all the other dusty volumes.
CONCLUSION REMARKS
The Beautyful Ones is so complicated and dark novel. It explores individual isolation, uneven
development, corruption and wasted potential in newly independent African nations against a
backdrop of centuries of colonial rule.
There is no clear resolution in novel, and the outlook of it can be easily perceived as miserable.
Armah mocks with great forcefulness and misshapen language all that is rotten in the world of
hypocritical people, lost opportunities and the enormous gap between the few with all the
money and power, and the masses without anything at all.
It depicts the sad surroundings of filth and corruption, but there are also moments of laughter in
his observations. Good can be found in the vitality of his characters, who are prepared to search
for something beyond that of everybody else.