2. 2
Parts of the Computer System
• Computer systems have four parts
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– User
3. 3
Parts of the Computer System
• Hardware
– Mechanical devices in the computer
– Anything that can be touched
• Software
– Tell the computer what to do
– Also called a program
– Thousands of programs exist
4. 4
Parts of the Computer System
• Data
– Pieces of information
– Computers organize and present data
• Users
– People operating the computer
– Most important part
– Tell the computer what to do
9. 9
Input and Output Devices
• Input and output devices
– Allows the user to interact
– Input devices accept data
• Keyboard, mouse
– Output devices deliver data
• Monitor, printer, speaker
– Some devices are input and output
• Touch screens
10. 10
Memory Devices
• Memory devices
– Stores data or programs
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Volatile
• Stores current data and programs
• More RAM results in a faster system
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Permanent storage of programs
• Holds the computer boot directions
11. 11
Storage Devices
• Storage devices
– Hold data and programs permanently
– Different from RAM
– Magnetic storage
• Floppy and hard drive
• Uses a magnet to access data
– Optical storage
• CD and DVD drives
• Uses a laser to access data
12. 12
Processing Devices
• Processing devices
– Brains of the computer
– Carries out instructions from the program
– Manipulate the data
– Most computers have several processors
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Secondary processors
– Processors made of silicon and copper
14. Memory and Storage Devices
Primary Memory
• RAM
• DRAM
• SRAM
• ROM
Secondary Storage
• HDD
• SSD
Off-line Storage
• DVD/CD
• Blu-ray disks
• USB/ Flash memory
• Removable Hard Drive
15. RAM
The features of RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY (RAM) are:
it is volatile/temporary memory (the
contents of the memory are lost when the
power to the RAM is turned off)
it is used to store:
• data,
• files, or
• part of the operating system that are currently in
use
• it can be written to or read from and the contents of
the memory can be changed.
17. Dynamic RAM
DRAM needs to be constantly
REFRESHED (it needs to be recharged
every 15 microseconds otherwise it would
lose its value)
DRAMs have a number of advantages
over SRAMs:
• they are much less expensive to
manufacture than SRAM
• they consume less power than SRAM
• they have a higher storage capacity than
SRAM.
18. Static RAM
» A big difference between SRAM and
DRAM is that this type of memory
doesn’t need to be constantly refreshed
» SRAM is much faster than DRAM when
it comes to data access
» DRAM is the most common type of RAM
used in computers, but where absolute
speed is essential, then SRAM is the
preferred technology
19. ROM
The main features of READ ONLY MEMORY
(ROM) can be summarised as follows:
they are non-volatile/permanent memories
(the contents of the memory remain even
when the power to the ROM is turned off)
they are often used to store the start-up
instructions when the computer is first
switched on (for example, ROM might store
the basic input/output system (BIOS))
the data or contents of a ROM chip can
only be read; they cannot be changed.
20. Application: Remote Controlled Toy Car
• ROM
• stores the factory settings such as remote
control frequencies
• stores the ‘start-up’ routines when the toy car is
first switched on
• stores the set routines; for example, how the
buttons on the hand-held device control turning
left, acceleration, stopping, and so on.
• RAM
• the user may wish to program in their own
routines; these new instructions would be stored
in the RAM chip
• the RAM chip will store the data/instructions
received from the remote control unit.
23. Control Unit
» Its like a supervisor of computer.
» CU control all activities of other parts of
computer.
» CU allow other parts of computer to
perform all activities correctly.
» CU reads instructions coming from main
memory and decodes these instructions.
24. ALU
» ALU perform arithmetic and logical
operations.
» ALU perform logical operation such as
compare two data items to find out which
is greater then, equal to or smaller then.
» ALU also perform arithmetic operations
such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
25. BUSES
» Buses essentially move data around the
computer and also send out control
signals to make sure everything is
properly synchronized.
» There are three types of buses
– Address Bus
– Data Bus
– Control Bus
29. 29
Software Runs the Machine
• Tells the computer what to do
• Reason people purchase computers
• Two types
– System software
– Application software
30.
31. 31
System Software
• System software
• System software is general purpose
software which is used to operate
computer hardware. It provides
platform to run application software
– Operating system
• Windows XP
– Utility
• Symantec AntiVirus
32. 32
Application Software
• Application software
– Application software is specific purpose
software which is used by user for
performing specific task
– Accomplishes a specific task
– Most common type of software
• MS Word, Excel, Real Player
– Covers most common uses of computers
33. System Software VS Application Software
1.
System software is used for
operating computer hardware.
Application software is used by user
to perform specific task.
2.
System softwares are installed on
the computer when operating
system is installed.
Application softwares are installed
according to user’s requirements.
3.
In general, the user does not
interact with system software
because it works in the
background.
In general, the user interacts with
application sofwares.
4.
System software can run
independently. It provides
platform for running application
softwares.
Application software can’t run
independently. They can’t run
without the presence of system
software.
5.
Some examples of system
softwares are compiler,
assembler, debugger, driver, etc.
Some examples of application
softwares are word processor, web
browser, media player, etc.
Editor's Notes
Teaching tip
Suggest to your students that the majority of people who purchase computers do so because of software. They want to email, or type letters. Nearly every reason given to purchase a computer is based on software needs.
Teaching tip
A good exercise to relate the importance of making data meaningful is to list some random numbers on the board. Then ask what they mean. Without a title, the numbers have no meaning. Once a title is presented, the numbers make sense.
Teaching tip
It is helpful to walk through a simple program to demonstrate the cycle. I often use a simple arithmetic problem to show this cycle.
Teaching tip
It is helpful to have examples of input and output devices in class. Stories of obscure input output devices are typically well received by the students.
Insider information
Intel, the manufacturer of popular CPUs, originally made RAM for mainframe and minicomputers. Today Kingston is a leading RAM manufacturer.
Chapter 5 discusses ROM and the BIOS. Refer your students to this chapter if they desire more information.
Insider information
A new CD technology is emerging. A shorter wavelength blue laser beam is being used to burn CD’s. This allows more data to be saved on a disk. The technology is in it’s infancy but should be mature in the near future.
Chapter 11 of the text provides more detail regarding storage devices.
DVD writers are available for purchase. They have not been standardized yet. Several competing formats are vying for acceptance. Of these, the DVD+RW seems to have the strongest support.
Teaching tip
The interaction between a CPU and secondary processors is much like the interaction between a boss and subordinate. The boss tells the subordinate what to do but not necessarily how to accomplish the task. The subordinate only bothers the boss when guidance or more data is needed.