2. Bleeding disorders
4 categories:
Bleeding disorders due to vascular abnormalities
Bleeding disorders due to platelet abnormalities
Disorders of coagulation factors
Combination of all of the above (Disseminated
Intravascular Coagulation / DIC)
6. Incidence
X linked recessive
1 in 5000 males
Approx. 80% have factor VIII deficieny
20% have factor IX deficiency
In approx. 30%, no positive family history of the
disease - ? Genetic mutation.
7. Factor VIII deficiency
Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) : protein that
circulates in the plasma and functions in the intrinsic
pathway of fibrin formation.
Factor IX deficiency
Factor IX – vitamin K dependent serine protease
that functions in the intrinsic pathway of fibrin
formation
.
8. Clinical symptoms
Hemarthrosis, esp. in the knee – most common
feature of severe hemophilia.
Subcutaneous hematomas – begin with slight
trauma and spread to involve a large mass of
tissue.
Intramuscular hemorrhages – may result in
contracture and deformity
9. Prolonged bleeding
Primary hemostasis adequate to stop bleeding from
a minor cut, but because of deficient fibrin
stabilization, the platelet plug is dislodged –
bleeding begins a second time.
Hematomas around tongue and throat
Hemorrhages from the nose, mouth, gums
and other mucous membranes
Others : hematuria and excess bleeding from
dental extractions
10. Laboratory aspects
Laboratory screening tests –
Prolonged APTT
Platelet count – normal
Bleeding time – normal
PT – normal
Definitive diagnosis –
Specific factor assay
11. Therapy
Factor VIII deficiency
Cryoprecipitate :
prepared by freezing a unit of plasma and collecting
the precipitate that forms on thawing.
Contains factor VIII, factor XIII, fibrinogen and von
Willebrand factor
Factor VIII concentrate
Deamino-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)
12. Factor IX deficiency :
Treated with plasma or with concentrates that also
contain factors II, VII, and X (prothrombin complex
concentrates)
13. Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC)
• DIC is an acute, subacute, or chronic
thrombohemorrhagic disorder characterized
by the excessive activation of coagulation,
which leads to the formation of thrombi in the
microvasculature of the body.
• It occurs as a secondary complication of many
different disorders.
14. • Sometimes the coagulopathy is localized to a
specific organ or tissue.
• As a consequence of the thrombotic diathesis
there is consumption of platelets, fibrin, and
coagulation factors and, secondarily,
activation of fibrinolysis.
16. Conditions Associated With DIC
• Malignancy
– Leukemia
– Metastatic disease
• Cardiovascular
– Post cardiac arrest
– Acute MI
– Prosthetic devices
• Hypothermia/Hyperthe
rmia
• Pulmonary
– ARDS/RDS
– Pulmonary embolism
• Severe acidosis
• Severe anoxia
• Collagen vascular
disease
• Anaphylaxis
17. Pathogenesis
• Activation of coagulation: by release of tissue
factor
• Thrombotic phase: platelet adhesion and
aggregation with formation of thrombi and
emboli throughout the microvasculature
• Consumption phase: consumption of coagulation
factors and platelets
• Secondary fibrinolysis: causes breakdown of
fibrin resulting in fibrin degradation products in
circulation