Development studies

1. Class Lecture-9

2.  Development administration, which is regarded as the
public apparatus, was established in order to achieve the
social and economic objectives of a nation.
 Hence, it reflects the ‘Four P’s’ — policies, programmes,
projects and purposes.

3. Nature of Development
Administration
 In examining the real nature of development-
administration we have to pose the following questions:
 Is development-administration a science? or can it be
studied scientifically?
First, it is an intellectual discipline or science to be studied
in educational institutions both by the students and
scholars. Secondly, it is one of the social sciences largely
concerned with the investigation of social and economic
issues. It is a positive, normative and empirical science.
 Is development-administration an art?

4. Exponents of Development Administration
 Edward W. Weidner, Fred W. Riggs, Joseph La
Polombara, John D. Montogomery, Ferrel Heady, Milton J.
Esman, Albert Waterson, Lucian Pye, Merle Fainsod,
Alfred Diamant, Irving Swerdlow, William J. Saffin, and
Han been Lee have contributed to the popularization and
growth of the concept of development administration in the
field of public administration.

6. Difference between traditional Public Administration VS Development
Administration

7. What Is Development
Administration?
 It was first introduced by Edward W. Weidner.
 defined development administration as “an action-
oriented, goal-oriented administrative system”.
 In addition, he observed that development administration
is the process of guiding an organization towards the
achievement of progressive political, economic and social
objectives that are authoritatively determined in one
manner or another.

8. Fainsod
 “Development administration is a carrier of innovating
value. It embraces the array of new functions assumed by
developing countries embarking on the path of
modernization and industrialization. Development
administration ordinarily involves establishment of
machinery for planning, economic growth and mobilization
and allocating resources to extend national income.”

9. Donald Stone
 ‘Broadly, Development Administration is concerned with
achieving national development.’

10. G.F. Gont
 “Development administration is that aspect of public
administration in which the focus of attention is on
organizing and administering public agencies in such a
way as to stimulate and facilitate defined program of social
and economic progress. It has the purpose of making
change attractive and possible to the population generally.”

11. Jose V. Abueva
 ‘Development Administration is the administration of
development programmes in the economic, social and
political spheres, including the programmes for improving
the organization and management of the bureaucracy as a
major instrument for national development.’

12. K. R. Hope
 ‘Development Administration in contextual and operational
terms implies efficient organization and management of
the development activities of a nation to attain the goals of
development.’

13. EMERGENCE
 Over-emphasis on the study of ‘means’ of administration
and under-emphasis on the study of ‘goals’ of
administration by the traditional public administration.
 Emergence of newly independent developing countries in
Asia, Africa, and Latin America due to the liquidation of
colonialism and imperialism.
 UN sponsored development schemes in the developing
countries through multilateral technical aid and financial
assistance.
 Extension of American economic and technical assistance
plans to newly emerged developing countries.
 Setting-up of the Comparative Administration Group (CAG)
in 1960 under the aegis of American Society for Public
Administration.
 Search for a new indigenous administrative model to meet
the developmental needs of the developing countries, due

14. Features
 It is a process to move towards higher position.
 It is a perpetual and a dynamic process.
 It is a work-oriented and goal-oriented administration.
 It is a significant instrument to solve the diverse problems of the
third world.
 It is not only the administration of development but also the
development of administration.
 It is an administrative machinery for a change and
modernization of third world.

15. Elements of Development Administration
 Change-oriented
 Result-oriented
 Client-oriented
 Citizen participation oriented
 Commitment to fulfill public demands
 Concerned with innovation
 Administration of industrial societies
 Effectiveness of coordination
 Efficient administration
 Democratic values

17. SCOPE OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
According to the eminent author, Ramesh K. Arora, the
term development administration has been used in two
interrelated senses.
 First, it refers to the administration of development
programmes, to the methods used by large-scale
organizations, notably governments, to implement policies and
plans designed to meet their developmental objectives.
 Second, it indirectly involves the strengthening of
administrative capabilities.
1. Extension and community services.
2. Problems of programme management.

18. To Riggs , the scope of developmental administration exceeds
all those areas in which a government makes efforts to carry out
programmes designed to reshape its physical , human and
cultural environment and also the struggle to enlarge a
government’s capacity to engage in such programmes.
These two aspects of development administration, that is, the
administration of development and the development of
administration (or administrative development) are intertwined in
most definitions of the term.
The concepts support each other, as the development of
administration is needed for the administration of development.
n Riggs's opinion, development administration (administration of
development) and administrative development (development of
administration) have a chicken-and-egg kind of relationship.

19. APPROACHES OF DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION
 The various approaches of development can be
categorized under two major headings, i.e., Initial
Approaches and Modern approaches.
 The scholars who supported the development theory
during the era of the 1950s and the 1960s view the
term in the western context.
 During the 1970s and 1980s, the development theorists
laid emphasis on context based approaches to
development. There is no single concrete theory of

20. CRITICISM OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

21.  Q & A