5. Receptor
A receptor is a protein molecule that
receives chemical signals from outside
a cell & when such chemical signals
bind to a receptor they cause some
form of cellular/tissue response.
5
6. Ligand
• A ligand is a substance that forms a complex
with receptor to serve a biological purpose.
• A ligand can be small molecule/ion/protein.
• Ligand includes substrates,inhibitors,activators
or neurotransmitters.
6
11. Kinase
A protein that regulates the
transfer of phosphate groups
from high-energy phosphate-
donating molecules to specific
substrates like amino acid
residues.11
12. Is there any other name of Serine
Thrionine Kinase receptor?
The other name of Serine Thrionine Kinase is TGF
beta receptor as Transforming growth factor beta
(TGF-β) binds to it.
12
14. Important proteins in Ser/Thr kinase
receptor or TGF Beta signaling
pathway
SMAD-Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally
similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for
receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)
superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell
development and growth.
NLS-
A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino
acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell
nucleus by nuclear transport.
14
20. Receptor Ser/Thr Kinase phosphorylates
other intracellular proteins
Ser-Thr Kinase receptor acts as a local mediator to
regulate wide range of biological function
20
21. Main two expressions of Ser/Thr
Kinase Receptor after binding ligand
▪ Cell Proliferation
▪ Cell Differentiation
21
22. Cell Proliferation
▪ Cell proliferation is the process that results in an increase of the
number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell
divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation
22
28. Inhibitory Smad7: emerging roles
in health and disease.
• Smad7 is an inhibitory Smad protein that blocks
Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling
through a negative feedback loop, also capable of
mediating the crosstalk between TGF-β and other
signaling pathways.
• Smad7 plays a key role in the control of various
physiological events, and even in some pathological
processes including fibrosis and cancer.
• Smad7 emerging roles in the development of several
human diseases that identify this protein as a potential
therapeutic target.28