Health 4th Quarter
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This document defines and describes several non-communicable diseases. It explains that non-communicable diseases are chronic health conditions that cannot be spread from person to person. It then provides definitions and details for specific non-communicable diseases: allergy is an immune system reaction to foreign substances, asthma is a chronic lung disorder causing inflamed airways, and cancer is abnormal cell growth forming tumors. It also lists symptoms to watch out for that could indicate cancer.
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Nature of Non.pptx
Non-communicable diseases are caused by lifestyle factors rather than pathogens. They include asthma, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and kidney failure. The signs and symptoms of these diseases vary - for example, asthma involves shortness of breath and wheezing, while cancer may cause unexplained weight loss or lumps. There are also myths around non-communicable diseases, such as that bathing on a Friday can make one sick.
General Physical Assessment
This document provides guidance on performing a general physical assessment, with a focus on examination of the skin, lymph nodes, thyroid, abdomen, and evaluation of stool and urine. The assessment involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of various areas of the body. Key areas to examine include skin characteristics, lymph nodes for size and tenderness, the thyroid gland's size and consistency, the abdomen for masses or tenderness, and analyzing urine and stool colors and contents for abnormalities.
Acute abdomin ayman abdelmofeed
This document discusses acute abdomen, defined as sudden abdominal pain that requires urgent treatment. It lists over 1000 potential causes organized by system, pathology, and area affected. Common causes include appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, bowel obstructions, ectopic pregnancy, and renal colic. A thorough history and physical exam are important for diagnosis, with symptoms varying depending on the specific condition. Factors like onset, location, radiation, aggravating/relieving factors, and associated symptoms provide clues to the underlying etiology.
Acute appendicitis
1. Acute appendicitis is most commonly caused by obstruction of the appendix, usually by a faecolith. It presents with abdominal pain shifting to the right lower quadrant along with nausea, vomiting, and fever.
2. Diagnosis is made through physical exam finding tenderness over McBurney's point and confirmed through blood tests, ultrasound, or CT scan showing signs of appendiceal inflammation.
3. Treatment is an appendectomy, which can be performed through open, laparoscopic, or robotic methods to remove the inflamed appendix. Complications include wound infections, intra-abdominal abscesses, and bowel obstructions.
Disease and its impact on humans
Signs are physical evidence of disease seen by doctors, while symptoms are changes experienced by patients. Diseases can be endemic, always present in an area, or epidemic with outbreaks brought under control. Chronic diseases are long-term illnesses not caused by pathogens that cannot be cured, only treated, and often worsen over time. Examples described include diabetes, obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and asthma. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas produces little insulin, causing high blood sugar. Obesity increases disease risk. Hypertension refers to high blood pressure. Heart disease involves blocked arteries. Asthma causes difficult breathing from swollen airways.
intestinal obstruction.pptx
In these slides we will go through the surgical anatomy of the gut,pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction, clinical presentation and management. Also we will discuss specific types of intestinal obstruction.
Git pathology lecture
This document discusses several congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract, including Meckel's diverticulum, Hirschsprung's disease, and pyloric stenosis. Meckel's diverticulum is a true diverticulum of the small intestine resulting from persistence of the vitelline duct. It occurs in 2% of the population and can cause bleeding, obstruction, or inflammation. Hirschsprung's disease is caused by absence of ganglion cells in parts of the colon and is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates. Pyloric stenosis results from hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle and causes non-bilious vomiting in infants, usually starting after 3 weeks of age.
Liver Abscess
This document describes a case of a 3.5 year old female child presenting with 4 days of abdominal pain and fever. An ultrasound showed inflammation of the bowels but no obstruction. A follow up ultrasound 3 days later revealed a 3x2 cm hypoechoic area in the right lobe of the liver suggestive of an abscess. The child was treated with IV antibiotics and drainage of the abscess.
The document then provides background information on liver abscesses, including the most common types (pyogenic, amebic, fungal), causes, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnostics, and management strategies like antibiotics, drainage and surgery. It summarizes a study of 38 pediatric liver abscess cases, noting most were
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Nature of Non.pptx
Non-communicable diseases are caused by lifestyle factors rather than pathogens. They include asthma, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and kidney failure. The signs and symptoms of these diseases vary - for example, asthma involves shortness of breath and wheezing, while cancer may cause unexplained weight loss or lumps. There are also myths around non-communicable diseases, such as that bathing on a Friday can make one sick.
General Physical Assessment
This document provides guidance on performing a general physical assessment, with a focus on examination of the skin, lymph nodes, thyroid, abdomen, and evaluation of stool and urine. The assessment involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of various areas of the body. Key areas to examine include skin characteristics, lymph nodes for size and tenderness, the thyroid gland's size and consistency, the abdomen for masses or tenderness, and analyzing urine and stool colors and contents for abnormalities.
Acute abdomin ayman abdelmofeed
This document discusses acute abdomen, defined as sudden abdominal pain that requires urgent treatment. It lists over 1000 potential causes organized by system, pathology, and area affected. Common causes include appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, bowel obstructions, ectopic pregnancy, and renal colic. A thorough history and physical exam are important for diagnosis, with symptoms varying depending on the specific condition. Factors like onset, location, radiation, aggravating/relieving factors, and associated symptoms provide clues to the underlying etiology.
Acute appendicitis
1. Acute appendicitis is most commonly caused by obstruction of the appendix, usually by a faecolith. It presents with abdominal pain shifting to the right lower quadrant along with nausea, vomiting, and fever.
2. Diagnosis is made through physical exam finding tenderness over McBurney's point and confirmed through blood tests, ultrasound, or CT scan showing signs of appendiceal inflammation.
3. Treatment is an appendectomy, which can be performed through open, laparoscopic, or robotic methods to remove the inflamed appendix. Complications include wound infections, intra-abdominal abscesses, and bowel obstructions.
Disease and its impact on humans
Signs are physical evidence of disease seen by doctors, while symptoms are changes experienced by patients. Diseases can be endemic, always present in an area, or epidemic with outbreaks brought under control. Chronic diseases are long-term illnesses not caused by pathogens that cannot be cured, only treated, and often worsen over time. Examples described include diabetes, obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and asthma. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas produces little insulin, causing high blood sugar. Obesity increases disease risk. Hypertension refers to high blood pressure. Heart disease involves blocked arteries. Asthma causes difficult breathing from swollen airways.
intestinal obstruction.pptx
In these slides we will go through the surgical anatomy of the gut,pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction, clinical presentation and management. Also we will discuss specific types of intestinal obstruction.
Git pathology lecture
This document discusses several congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract, including Meckel's diverticulum, Hirschsprung's disease, and pyloric stenosis. Meckel's diverticulum is a true diverticulum of the small intestine resulting from persistence of the vitelline duct. It occurs in 2% of the population and can cause bleeding, obstruction, or inflammation. Hirschsprung's disease is caused by absence of ganglion cells in parts of the colon and is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates. Pyloric stenosis results from hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle and causes non-bilious vomiting in infants, usually starting after 3 weeks of age.
Liver Abscess
This document describes a case of a 3.5 year old female child presenting with 4 days of abdominal pain and fever. An ultrasound showed inflammation of the bowels but no obstruction. A follow up ultrasound 3 days later revealed a 3x2 cm hypoechoic area in the right lobe of the liver suggestive of an abscess. The child was treated with IV antibiotics and drainage of the abscess.
The document then provides background information on liver abscesses, including the most common types (pyogenic, amebic, fungal), causes, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnostics, and management strategies like antibiotics, drainage and surgery. It summarizes a study of 38 pediatric liver abscess cases, noting most were
appendicitis v/s enteric fever
10-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain, fever and vomiting for 3 days. On examination, he had tenderness in his abdomen. Initial tests showed elevated white blood cell count and CRP. Imaging found fluid in the pelvis and loaded colon. He was treated conservatively but his fever persisted. Further imaging found appendicitis, abscesses and bowel adhesions. He underwent laparoscopic appendectomy and drainage of abscesses. Pus culture was negative. His condition improved with antibiotics and supportive care and he was discharged after 16 days.
Splenomegaly : causes , clinical approach and examination
Splenomegaly : Spleen weight of 400-500gm
750 – 1000gm : prominent below costal margin
>1000gm : massive splenomegaly
stepwise approach
History
Physical examination
Laboratory tests
Imaging
Specialised tests
Typhoid Fever
TYPHOID FEVER
- Acute generalized infection of the reticulo endothelial system, intestinal lymphoid tissue and the gall bladder.
- Classified as “enteric fever.”
Mode of Transmission
Poor hygiene habits
Public sanitation conditions
Flying insects feeding on feces
Ingestion of food or water contaminated with the organism
Food or water that has been contaminated with the fecal matter or, less commonly, urine of an infected person or carrier.
Shellfish from contaminated beds
Inflammatory urinary disorders
This document discusses various inflammatory urinary disorders including urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, chronic cystitis, glomerular diseases, and nephrotic syndrome. It covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, medical management, and nursing care for each condition. Urinary tract infections can be upper or lower and are common in women. Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that may be acute or chronic. Chronic cystitis involves long-term inflammation and scarring of the bladder wall. Glomerular diseases damage the kidney filters and include acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder defined by protein in the urine and low
Inflammatory bowel disease.2014
C.M. presented with chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Her symptoms progressed to include bloody stools. Physical exam revealed arthritis in her left knee and abdominal tenderness. Stool exam showed red and white blood cells but no infectious cause was found. The most likely cause is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), specifically ulcerative colitis (UC). UC causes inflammation and ulcers confined to the colonic mucosa. C.M.'s symptoms, physical exam findings, and stool exam results provide evidence for a diagnosis of UC. Her signs and symptoms should be managed with medications aimed at inducing remission of her UC.
Acute apendicitis
1. A 61-year-old male presented with fever, right lower quadrant pain, and vomiting for 1 day. Examination found tenderness in the right lower quadrant.
2. He had a history of kidney stones and previous abdominal pain, but left against medical advice. Blood tests and CT scan now suggested appendicitis.
3. He was admitted for surgery but left again. He was eventually treated conservatively for appendicitis by the surgery department.
bleeding per -rectum.ppt
lower GIT bleeding: is bleeding from a source distal to the ligament of Treitz (duodenojejunal junction), presented as
Hematochezia is blood passed with stool from the anus,
Melena is black, tarry stool produced by the oxidation of heme by intestinal flora; as little as 50 mL of blood may result in melena, and it may persist for 3 to 5 days following resolution of the bleed.
Maroon-colored stool is associated with rapidly bleeding small bowel lesions in which the transit of blood is too fast for complete oxidation.
Currant-jelly stool is associated with ischemic small bowel or proximal colonic lesions such as may be seen in intussusception.
Upper GIT bleeding: is bleeding from a source proximal to the ligament of Treitz (duodenojejunal junction).
Discussion included the definition of bleeding per rectum, it's types according to child age groups, it's presentation, how to diagnose each type and how to treat.
CANCER PREVENTION
This document discusses cancer signs, causes, treatment, burden, and prevention. It lists possible signs of cancer like changes in bowel habits or bleeding. It identifies avoidable causes such as tobacco, air pollution, and unhealthy lifestyle. The document outlines treatments including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. It notes the economical, physical, and social burden of cancer and emphasizes preventing tobacco use, living healthy, and spreading awareness to reduce cancer's ultimate burden on the nation.
Case Write Up Surgical Gastric Carcinoma
Patient presented with 5 months history of progressive abdominal pain associated with per rectal bleeding and early satiety for 1 month duration.
Diseases case studies
Influenza is caused by a virus that infects cells and often mutates, so immunity to one strain does not protect against others. It is transmitted through direct contact, contaminated objects, or inhaled aerosols. Symptoms include fever, body aches, headache, and cough. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and there are now three licensed antiviral treatments in the UK. Prevention includes an annual flu vaccine tailored to the strains expected to cause epidemics that year. Anorexia nervosa has unclear causes but links to anxiety, unhappiness, and low self-esteem. Symptoms include extreme weight loss and medical complications. Treatment involves hospitalization for refeeding and behavioral therapy to address emotional issues.
Drs. Olson’s and Jackson’s CMC Pediatric X-Ray Mastery: May Cases
Drs. Olson and Jackson are interested in education and Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Follow along with the EMGuideWire.com team and Drs. Nikki Richardson, Mary Grady, and Michael Gibbs as they post these educational, self-guided radiology slides on Pediatric Emergency Medicine Radiology. This month’s topics include:
Subcutaneous air
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Pelvic inflammatory disease ppt
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity that is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microbes. It commonly affects sexually active young women and can cause long-term complications like infertility or ectopic pregnancy if left untreated. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics, bed rest, and care of any sexual partners. Nursing care focuses on monitoring, education, and supporting patients through treatment.
Recurrent abdominal pain in children
This document discusses the approach to recurrent abdominal pain in children. It defines acute, subacute, and chronic abdominal pain and discusses recurrent abdominal pain. The most common causes of abdominal pain seen in emergency departments are also summarized. A full history and physical exam are important for evaluating abdominal pain, and diagnostic testing should be guided by symptoms and exam findings. Home care and lifestyle advice are usually sufficient for recurrent abdominal pain in children without concerning alarm symptoms.
Acute appendicitis
Acute appendicitis - inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
Epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, pathology/morphology, pathogenesis/pathophysiology, investigations, management, non-surgical - non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical treatment approach.
Jaundice and hepatitis
This document provides information about jaundice and hepatitis. It begins with an introduction to jaundice, defining it as a yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by elevated bilirubin levels. It then discusses the causes, signs, and types of jaundice, including hemolytic, hepatocellular, and obstructive jaundice. The document also covers hepatitis A-E, describing the viruses, transmission, prevention, and treatment of each type. It concludes with a discussion of liver anatomy and function, jaundice diagnosis and management, and nursing care for patients with jaundice or hepatitis.
Fever
A 25-year-old male presented with a 4-day history of mild intermittent fever. His symptoms and examination were not suggestive of common causes of fever like URTI, LRTI, gastroenteritis, or UTI. His blood tests showed normal white blood cell count with lymphocytosis. He was diagnosed with a viral fever and prescribed paracetamol. After 4 days he returned with high fever, cough, and left-sided chest pain and breathing difficulty. Examination found reduced breathing sounds and dullness on the left chest. A chest X-ray showed left lung consolidation consistent with pneumonia. He was treated as an outpatient with oral antibiotics.
acute abdomen
1. Acute abdominal pain has many potential causes that can be categorized by organ system affected or type of pain experienced.
2. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the likely cause and guide appropriate testing or treatment.
3. Common pediatric causes include gastroenteritis, appendicitis, urinary tract infections, while adolescent females should also be evaluated for gynecological issues.
Amebiasis
This document discusses amoebiasis, an intestinal infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. About 10% of people are infected globally, with 1 lakh deaths per year. While 90% of infections are asymptomatic, the remaining 10% can cause symptoms ranging from dysentery to liver abscesses. It is more common in developing countries due to factors like poverty, poor sanitation, and malnutrition. The infection spreads through ingestion of E. histolytica cysts from contaminated food, water, or hands. Symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. Advanced cases can involve the liver or spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves stool and blood tests and imaging. Prevention relies on good san
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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appendicitis v/s enteric fever
10-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain, fever and vomiting for 3 days. On examination, he had tenderness in his abdomen. Initial tests showed elevated white blood cell count and CRP. Imaging found fluid in the pelvis and loaded colon. He was treated conservatively but his fever persisted. Further imaging found appendicitis, abscesses and bowel adhesions. He underwent laparoscopic appendectomy and drainage of abscesses. Pus culture was negative. His condition improved with antibiotics and supportive care and he was discharged after 16 days.
Splenomegaly : causes , clinical approach and examination
Splenomegaly : Spleen weight of 400-500gm
750 – 1000gm : prominent below costal margin
>1000gm : massive splenomegaly
stepwise approach
History
Physical examination
Laboratory tests
Imaging
Specialised tests
Typhoid Fever
TYPHOID FEVER
- Acute generalized infection of the reticulo endothelial system, intestinal lymphoid tissue and the gall bladder.
- Classified as “enteric fever.”
Mode of Transmission
Poor hygiene habits
Public sanitation conditions
Flying insects feeding on feces
Ingestion of food or water contaminated with the organism
Food or water that has been contaminated with the fecal matter or, less commonly, urine of an infected person or carrier.
Shellfish from contaminated beds
Inflammatory urinary disorders
This document discusses various inflammatory urinary disorders including urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, chronic cystitis, glomerular diseases, and nephrotic syndrome. It covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, medical management, and nursing care for each condition. Urinary tract infections can be upper or lower and are common in women. Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that may be acute or chronic. Chronic cystitis involves long-term inflammation and scarring of the bladder wall. Glomerular diseases damage the kidney filters and include acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder defined by protein in the urine and low
Inflammatory bowel disease.2014
C.M. presented with chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Her symptoms progressed to include bloody stools. Physical exam revealed arthritis in her left knee and abdominal tenderness. Stool exam showed red and white blood cells but no infectious cause was found. The most likely cause is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), specifically ulcerative colitis (UC). UC causes inflammation and ulcers confined to the colonic mucosa. C.M.'s symptoms, physical exam findings, and stool exam results provide evidence for a diagnosis of UC. Her signs and symptoms should be managed with medications aimed at inducing remission of her UC.
Acute apendicitis
1. A 61-year-old male presented with fever, right lower quadrant pain, and vomiting for 1 day. Examination found tenderness in the right lower quadrant.
2. He had a history of kidney stones and previous abdominal pain, but left against medical advice. Blood tests and CT scan now suggested appendicitis.
3. He was admitted for surgery but left again. He was eventually treated conservatively for appendicitis by the surgery department.
bleeding per -rectum.ppt
lower GIT bleeding: is bleeding from a source distal to the ligament of Treitz (duodenojejunal junction), presented as
Hematochezia is blood passed with stool from the anus,
Melena is black, tarry stool produced by the oxidation of heme by intestinal flora; as little as 50 mL of blood may result in melena, and it may persist for 3 to 5 days following resolution of the bleed.
Maroon-colored stool is associated with rapidly bleeding small bowel lesions in which the transit of blood is too fast for complete oxidation.
Currant-jelly stool is associated with ischemic small bowel or proximal colonic lesions such as may be seen in intussusception.
Upper GIT bleeding: is bleeding from a source proximal to the ligament of Treitz (duodenojejunal junction).
Discussion included the definition of bleeding per rectum, it's types according to child age groups, it's presentation, how to diagnose each type and how to treat.
CANCER PREVENTION
This document discusses cancer signs, causes, treatment, burden, and prevention. It lists possible signs of cancer like changes in bowel habits or bleeding. It identifies avoidable causes such as tobacco, air pollution, and unhealthy lifestyle. The document outlines treatments including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. It notes the economical, physical, and social burden of cancer and emphasizes preventing tobacco use, living healthy, and spreading awareness to reduce cancer's ultimate burden on the nation.
Case Write Up Surgical Gastric Carcinoma
Patient presented with 5 months history of progressive abdominal pain associated with per rectal bleeding and early satiety for 1 month duration.
Diseases case studies
Influenza is caused by a virus that infects cells and often mutates, so immunity to one strain does not protect against others. It is transmitted through direct contact, contaminated objects, or inhaled aerosols. Symptoms include fever, body aches, headache, and cough. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and there are now three licensed antiviral treatments in the UK. Prevention includes an annual flu vaccine tailored to the strains expected to cause epidemics that year. Anorexia nervosa has unclear causes but links to anxiety, unhappiness, and low self-esteem. Symptoms include extreme weight loss and medical complications. Treatment involves hospitalization for refeeding and behavioral therapy to address emotional issues.
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Osteopenia
Bronchiolitis
Constipation
Asthma exacerbation
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
Aspirated Foreign Bodies
Small Bowel Obstruction
Kyphoscoliosis
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Pelvic inflammatory disease ppt
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity that is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microbes. It commonly affects sexually active young women and can cause long-term complications like infertility or ectopic pregnancy if left untreated. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics, bed rest, and care of any sexual partners. Nursing care focuses on monitoring, education, and supporting patients through treatment.
Recurrent abdominal pain in children
This document discusses the approach to recurrent abdominal pain in children. It defines acute, subacute, and chronic abdominal pain and discusses recurrent abdominal pain. The most common causes of abdominal pain seen in emergency departments are also summarized. A full history and physical exam are important for evaluating abdominal pain, and diagnostic testing should be guided by symptoms and exam findings. Home care and lifestyle advice are usually sufficient for recurrent abdominal pain in children without concerning alarm symptoms.
Acute appendicitis
Acute appendicitis - inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
Epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, pathology/morphology, pathogenesis/pathophysiology, investigations, management, non-surgical - non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical treatment approach.
Jaundice and hepatitis
This document provides information about jaundice and hepatitis. It begins with an introduction to jaundice, defining it as a yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by elevated bilirubin levels. It then discusses the causes, signs, and types of jaundice, including hemolytic, hepatocellular, and obstructive jaundice. The document also covers hepatitis A-E, describing the viruses, transmission, prevention, and treatment of each type. It concludes with a discussion of liver anatomy and function, jaundice diagnosis and management, and nursing care for patients with jaundice or hepatitis.
Fever
A 25-year-old male presented with a 4-day history of mild intermittent fever. His symptoms and examination were not suggestive of common causes of fever like URTI, LRTI, gastroenteritis, or UTI. His blood tests showed normal white blood cell count with lymphocytosis. He was diagnosed with a viral fever and prescribed paracetamol. After 4 days he returned with high fever, cough, and left-sided chest pain and breathing difficulty. Examination found reduced breathing sounds and dullness on the left chest. A chest X-ray showed left lung consolidation consistent with pneumonia. He was treated as an outpatient with oral antibiotics.
acute abdomen
1. Acute abdominal pain has many potential causes that can be categorized by organ system affected or type of pain experienced.
2. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the likely cause and guide appropriate testing or treatment.
3. Common pediatric causes include gastroenteritis, appendicitis, urinary tract infections, while adolescent females should also be evaluated for gynecological issues.
Amebiasis
This document discusses amoebiasis, an intestinal infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. About 10% of people are infected globally, with 1 lakh deaths per year. While 90% of infections are asymptomatic, the remaining 10% can cause symptoms ranging from dysentery to liver abscesses. It is more common in developing countries due to factors like poverty, poor sanitation, and malnutrition. The infection spreads through ingestion of E. histolytica cysts from contaminated food, water, or hands. Symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. Advanced cases can involve the liver or spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves stool and blood tests and imaging. Prevention relies on good san
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Splenomegaly : causes , clinical approach and examination
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
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Health 4th Quarter
- 1. NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE is non-infectious / non- transmissible health condition that cannot be spread from person to person. It also known as a chronic disease.
- 2. ALLERGY is a misguided reaction to foreign substances by the immune system.
- 3. (Hypersensitivity) an exaggerated response to an antibody-forming substance/ antigen.
- 4. ASTHMA a chronic lung disorder that causes airways to become inflamed, which means that they swell and produce lots of thick mucus.
- 5. CANCER is caused by abnormal cells growing without control.
- 6. As these abnormal cells grow, they form in masses called tumors.
- 7. C-A-U-T-I-O-N U-P C- change in bowel or bladder habits A- sore that does not heal U- nsual bleeding or discharge
- 8. T- hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere I- ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing O- bvious change in wart or mole N- aging cough or hoarseness
- 9. U- nexplainable weight loss P- ersistent hoarseness
- 10. A L L E R G Y A S T H M A C A N C E R A L L E R G Y A S T H M A
- 11. C A N C E R A L L E R G Y A S T H M A C A N C E R
- 12. UNLOCKING OF TERMS: Chronic persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Transmit to transfer, pass or spread from one
- 13. person or place to another.