Lymphatic

1. Kharkiv National Medical University,
Department of Human Anatomy
IMMUNE, LYMPHATIC
AND
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS.

2. PLAN OF LECTURE:
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Immune and lymphatic
system introduction.
Immune and lymphatic
system structure and
functions.
Lymphatic, immune organs
and organs of
hematopoiesis.
Endocrine system definition.
Endocrine system
classification.
Endocrine glands and their

3. IMMUNE SYSTEM -the
bodily system that protects
body from foreign substances,
cells, and tissues by producing
the immune response.

4. IMMUNE ORGANS
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are anatomically well-defined:
Primary (central) immune organs:
RED BONE MARROW and THYMUS
Site where T- and B-cells become
immunocompetent: able to recognize and respond
to antigens.
Secondary (peripheral) immune organs:
SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, TONSILS, LIMPHOID
AGREGATIONS (PEYER’S PATCHES), SOLITARY
LYMPH NODULES, APPENDIX LYMPH NODULES.

5. RED BONE MARROW
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Red bone marrow is involved in
hematopoiesis (blood formation)
and immunity:
Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular
material,
Separated from osseous tissue by
endosteum of bone,
As blood cells mature, they push their
way through the reticular and
endothelial cells to enter the sinus and
flow away in the bloodstream,
After birth, B cells change from stem
cells to immature B cells in bone marrow.

6. BONE
MARROW PUNCTURE

7. THYMUS (Thymus)

8. THYMUS
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Divides into lobules (lobus dexter et sinister), has
capsule (capsula thymi), interlobular septum (septa
corticales) which split thymus into lobules (lobuli
thymi). Parenchyma of thymus consist of cortex and
medulla.
Reticular epithelial cells:
forms blood thymus barrier in cortex,
isolates developing T-lymphocytes from foreign
antigens.
secretes hormones (thymopoetin, thymalin and
thymosins).
to promote development and action of T-
lymphocytes.
Very large in fetus, after age 14 begins involution -
in elderly mostly fatty and fibrous tissue.

9. SPLEEN (Lien)
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- has: facies diaphragmatica, facies visceralis (with
hilum splenicum);
- margo superior (anterior), margo inferior
(posterior);
- extremitas posterior et anterior).
Parenchyma appears in fresh specimens as:
RED PULP (pulpa rubra): sinuses filled with
erythrocytes,
WHITE PULP (pulpa alba): lymphocytes,
macrophages; surrounds small branches of
splenic artery.
Functions:
blood production in fetus,
blood reservoir,
RBC disposal,
immune reactions: filters blood, quick to detect

11. TONSIL (tonsilla)
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Covered by
epithelium,
Pathogens get into
tonsillar crypts and
encounter
lymphocytes.

12. LOCATION OF TONSILS
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Palatine tonsils:
paired at the posterior
margin of oral cavity; most
often infected.
Lingual tonsils:
paired at the root of tongue.
Pharyngeal tonsil
(adenoid)
- single tonsil between
superior and posterior wall
of pharynx.
Tubal tonsils:

14. LYMPH NODES (nodi lymphatici)
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Lymph nodes - only organs that filter lymph.
Fewer efferent vessels, slows flow through node.
Hilum - passage for the artery, vein, afferent and
efferent lymph vessels
Capsule - surrounding dense connective tissue
Cortex - lymphatic nodules
- primary nodule - dormant B-lymphocites
- secondary nodule - activated B-lymphocites form
germinative center.
Medulla:
- medullary cords - plasma cells, small lymphocytes
and macrophages.
- medullary sinuses - drain lymph to the efferent
lymph vessel.

15. Lymph Node

16. LYMPH NODES
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HEAD and NECK lymph nodes:
Deep and superficial group in the neck,
Receive lymph coming from head and neck.
Axillary lymph nodes:
Concentrated in armpits,
Receive lymph from upper limb and female
breast.
Thoracic lymph nodes:
In thoracic cavity, especially embedded in
mediastinum,
Receive lymph from mediastinum, lungs,
and airway.

17. lower jugular lymph nodes

18. LYMPH NODES
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Abdominal lymph nodes:
Occur in posterior abdominopelvic wall,
Monitor lymph from the urinary and
reproductive systems.
Intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes:
Found in the mesenteries, adjacent to the
appendix and intestines,
Monitor lymph from the digestive tract.
Inguinal lymph nodes:
In the groin and receive lymph from the entire
lower limb.
Popliteal lymph nodes:
Occur on the back of the knee,
Receive lymph from the leg proper.

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM -is part of circulatory system, and of
IMMUNE SYSTEM.
It is made up of a large network of lymphatic or
lymphoid organs, lymphatic vessels and lymphoid
tissue.
lymphatic system has three principal functions:
Its cells (called lymphocytes), located in lymphatic
tissues, help provide IMMUNOLOGICAL DEFENSES
against disease-causing agents.
It transports excess interstitial fluid, which was initially formed
as a blood filtrate, back to the blood.
It serves as the route by which absorbed fats and some vitamins
are transported from small intestine to the blood.

21. LYMPH (from Latin,
lympha meaning (“pure
water“) - a clear yellowish,
slightly alkaline, coagulable
fluid, containing white blood
cells in a liquid resembling
blood plasma, that is derived
from the tissues of the body
and conveyed to the
bloodstream by
lymphatic vessels.

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PATHS THAT CONDUCT LYMPH ARE
SUBDIVIDED:
- closed end of lymphatic system
begins with a network of LYMPH
CAPILLARIES in the organs and
tissues;
- lymph capillaries develop into
INTRAORGANIC plexuses of small
lymphatic vessels, which have
valves;
- these vessels emerge from the
organs in the form of still larger,
EXTRAORGANIC lymphatic vessels
interrupted by lymph nodes;
- large lymphatic vessels drain into
COLLECTORS, TRUNKS and then
into the main LYMPH DUCTS of
body - right lymphatic and thoracic
lymphatic ducts, which drain into
big veins of neck.

23. THE FLUID CYCLE

24. LYMPH
CIRCULATION
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no central pump,
slow movement,
lymph is kept moving by:
contraction of adjacent
skeletal muscle and
arterial pulsation;
contraction of smooth
muscles – peristalsis.
respiration process.

25. LYMPH CAPILLARY
absorb and reabsorb colloid solution
of proteins and lipid substances
from tissues, which are not absorbed
by blood capillaries.
They also help veins to drain tissues,
remove foreign particles, bacteria
from tissues.
lymph capillaries penetrate all
organs of body except brain, spinal
cord with meninges, inner ear,
splenic parenchyma, epithelial coats
of skin and mucous membranes,
cartilages, cornea and lens of eye,
placenta, bone marrow, nail, hairs.

26. LYMPHATIC
CAPILLARY
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are single layer of overlapping
endothelial cells:
blind end;
absent from brain, spinal cord,
splenic pulp, bone marrow etc.;
located next to blood capillaries
in tissue spaces.

27. LYMPHATIC VESSEL
intraorganic vessel run
parallel to the blood
vessels in the connective
tissue layers of organs.
extra-organic vessels
pass to various lymph
nodes and join.
Main lymphatic vessels
are called collectors.
After passing through the
last group of lymph,
lymph collectors form
lymph trunks.

28. Lymphatic trunks
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- confluence of many
efferent lymph vessels:
jugular lymph trunks,
subclavian lymph trunks,
bronchomediastinal lymph
trunks,
lumbar lymph trunks,
intestinal lymph
trunk—unpaired.
All these trunks join in two
terminal ducts: right
lymphatic duct and thoracic
duct .

29. TERMINAL DUCTS OF LYMPHATIC VESSEL

30. THORACIC DUCT (ductus thoracicus)
formed at the junction of right and left
lumbar trunks.
Topography: between Th11-L2.
Three trunks drain into upper (terminal)
part of thoracic duct:
LEFT MEDIASTINAL TRUNK collects lymph
from left halves of walls and organs of
thoracic cavity.
LEFT SUBCLAVIAN TRUNK collects lymph
from left upper limb.
LEFT JUGULAR TRUNK: Which collects
lymph from left halves of head and neck.

31. RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT (ductus
lymphaticus dexter)
formed by confluence of three
trunks
RIGHT JUGULAR TRUNK
collects lymph from the right
halves of head and neck
RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN TRUNK
collects lymph from right upper
limbs
RIGHT MEDIASTINAL TRUNK
collects lymph from right half
of thoracic wall and right half
of thoracic internal organs and
from lower lobe of left lung

33. LYMPHOSTASIS Swollen lymph nodes

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Includes all of glands of internal secretion,
and hormones produced by those glands.
Glands are controlled by stimulation from
nervous system as well as by chemical
receptors in the blood and hormones
produced by other glands. By regulating
functions of organs in the body, these
glands help to maintain body’s homeostasis.
Cellular metabolism, reproduction, sexual
development, sugar and mineral
homeostasis, heart rate, and digestion are
among many processes regulated by
actions of hormones.

35. Hormone…
Hormone…
- is a chemical transmitter. It is released in small amounts from glands, and
is transported in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells.
Hormones are chemical messengers, transferring information and
instructions from one set of cells to another.

36. CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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I. ENTIRELY ENDOCRINE IN FUNCTION (DUCTLESS
GLANDS):
brachiogenic group – THYROID gland,
PARATHYROID gland.
neurogenic group – HYPOPHYSIS cerebri,
HYPOTHALAMUS, PINEAL body.
adrenal system group – SUPRARENAL glands.
II. MESODERMAL GLANDS:
Interstitial cells of testes.
follicles and yellow body (corpus luteum) of
ovaries.
cortex of suprarenal glands.
III. ENTODERMAL GLANDS OF INTESTINAL TUBE:
1. Islets of LARGENHANS.

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HYPOTHALAMUS
part of brain located superior and anterior to
the brain stem and inferior to the thalamus. It
serves many different functions in the nervous
system, and is also responsible for the direct
control of endocrine system through the
pituitary gland. Hypothalamus contains special
cells called neurosecretory cells—neurons that
secrete hormones:
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
All of the releasing and inhibiting hormones
affect function of Anterior pituitary gland.

38. PITUITARY GLAND(hypophysis)
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It is a protrusion off the bottom of hypothalamus at
the base of brain.
Hypophysis rests upon hypophysial fossa of
sphenoid bone in the center of middle cranial
fossa and is surrounded by small bony cavity (sella
turcica) covered by dural fold (diaphragma sellae).
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is a lobe of
gland that regulates several physiological processes
(including stress, growth, reproduction, lactation).
intermediate lobe synthesizes and
secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is a lobe of
gland that is functionally connected to
hypothalamus by median eminence via a small tube
called pituitary stalk (also called infundibular stalk or
infundibulum).

40. Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Growth Hormone (GH):
essential for growth and
development of bones,
muscles, and other organs.
It also enhances protein
synthesis, decreases use of
glucose, and promotes fat
destruction.
“ACROMEGALIA “–
disproportional growth.

41. Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH): essential for
growth of the adrenal
cortex.
Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH): essential
for growth and
development of thyroid
gland.

42. Secretions from anterior
pituitary gland…
Secretions from anterior
pituitary gland…
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH): is a
gonadotropic hormone.
It stimulates growth
ovarian follicles in
female and production
of sperm in male.

43. Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
is a gonadotropic
hormone stimulating
development of corpus
luteum in female ovarian
follicles and production
of testosterone in male.
yellow corpus luteum
remains after ovulation; it
produces estrogen and
progesterone.

44. Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Secretions from anterior pituitary gland…
Prolactin (PRL):
stimulates development
and growth of mammary
glands and milk
production during
pregnancy.
sucking motion of baby
stimulates prolactin
secretion.

45. Secretions from intermediate pituitary gland…
Secretions from intermediate pituitary gland…
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH): regulates skin
pigmentation and promotes
deposit of melanine in the skin
after exposure to sunlight.

46. Secretions from posterior lobe of pituitary
gland…
Secretions from posterior lobe of pituitary
gland…
Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH), also called
Vasopressin or
Argipressin:
stimulates
reabsorption of water
by renal tubules.
Hyposecretion of this
hormone can result in
diabetes insipidus.

47. Secretions from posterior lobe
of pituitary gland…
Secretions from posterior lobe
of pituitary gland…
Oxytocin: stimulates
uterus to contract during
labor, delivery, and
parturition. Synthetic
version of this hormone,
used to induce labor. It
also stimulates
mammary glands to
release milk.

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PINEAL GLAND
PINEAL GLAND is a small
pinecone-shaped mass of
glandular tissue found just
posterior to the thalamus of brain.
It produces hormone melatonin
that helps regulate human sleep-
wake cycle known as CIRCADIAN
RHYTHM.
activity of pineal gland is inhibited
by stimulation from
photoreceptors of retina.
This light sensitivity causes
MELATONIN to be produced only
in low light or darkness.
Increased melatonin production
causes humans to feel drowsy at
nighttime when pineal gland is
active.

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THYROID GLAND (GLANDULA
THYROIDEA)
present at level of I–V cartilages
of trachea, fused to trachea,
larynx, pharynx and to esophagus,
in part – to common carotid
artery, posteriorly fused to n.
recurrens vagi; anteriorly –
muscles of hyoid bone.
is a butterfly-shaped organ and
composed of two cone-like lobes
or wings, lobus dexter (right lobe)
and lobus sinister (left lobe), third
lobe - lobus pyramidalis,
connected via the isthmus. Gland
has capsule and fascial vagina
due to IV fascia of neck and
between them – layer of fat and
neurovascular formations.

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thyroid gland
secretes thyroid hormones,
which primarily influence
metabolic rate and protein
synthesis. Hormones also
have many other effects
including those on
development.
thyroid hormones:
-Triiodothyronine (T3)
and Thyroxine (T4) are created
from iodine and tyrosine.
-thyroid also produces
hormone CALCITONIN, which
plays a role in calcium
homeostasis.
Hyposecretion (↓) of T3 and T4 = Cretinism,
Myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease.
Hypersecretion (↑) of T3 and T4 = Grave’s
disease, goiter, Basedow’s disease.
Myxedema

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GLANDULAE
PARATHYROIDEAE
There are four glands behind
of thyroid gland; upper
glands settle down at level of
lower edge of coracoids
cartilage of larynx. They are
small and have a beanlike
shape.
These 4 glands produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH),
which helps to maintain
calcium homeostasis by
acting on the renal tubule as
well as calcium stores in the
skeletal system and by
acting indirectly on the
gastrointestinal tract through
the activation of vitamin D.

55. “TETANY” in hypoparathyroidism

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ADRENAL GLANDS (GLANDULAE
SUPRARENALIS)
Are located above upper poles
of kidneys between leaves of
fascial renal capsules at the
level of Th11-12 thoracic
vertebras; left adrenal gland
located lower than right,
reaches tail of pancreas.
Right suprarenal gland has a
shape of triangular pyramid and
left is crescent shaped. Each
gland has: anterior; posterior
and renal surfaces delimited by
posterior and medial borders,
anterior surface contains hilium
of gland.
Yellowish and covered with
connective tissue capsule.

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Consist of cortex and medulla. Adrenal
cortex comprises three zones, or layers:
zona Glomerulosa, fasciculata and
reticularis.
zona glomerulosa synthesize
mineralocorticoids (aldocteron),
zona fasciculata produce glucocorticoids,
and zona reticularis produce
gonadocorticoids – androgens, estrogens,
progesteron (sex hormones). These
hormones influence metabolism of
proteins and carbohydrates, inhibit
immunity (cortisone and cortycosterone),
regulate sodium and potassium turnover
(aldosterone) and influence also
reproductive system (androgens,
estrogens and progesterones)
medulla is the core of adrenal gland, and
is surrounded by adrenal cortex. It
secretes 20% noradrenaline
(norepinephrine) and 80% adrenaline
(epinephrine). Chromaffin cells of medulla,
named for their characteristic brown
staining with chromic acid salts, are the
body's main source of circulating
catecholamines adrenaline and
noradrenaline.

59. CUSHING'S SYNDROME
manifestations on a 10-year old.
(a) Moon face, facial erythema,
acne. (b) Dorsal cervical fat pad
and neck acanthosis nigrican. (c)
Axillary acanthosis nigrican. (d)

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PANCREAS
considered to be a heterocrine gland
as it contains both endocrine and
exocrine tissue.
endocrine cells of the pancreas make
up just about 1% of the total mass of
pancreas and are found in small
groups throughout pancreas called is
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS. Within
these islets are 2 types of
cells—alpha and beta cells.
alpha cells produce hormone
GLUCAGON, which is responsible for
raising blood glucose levels.
beta cells produce hormone INSULIN,
which is responsible for lowering
blood glucose levels after a meal.
Insulin triggers absorption of glucose
from blood into cells, where it is
added to glycogen molecules for
storage.

62. DIABETES AFFECTS ORAL CAVITY

63. Secretions of the ovaries…
Secretions of the ovaries…
ovaries produce several
ESTROGEN hormones and
PROGESTERONE. These
hormones prepare uterus for
pregnancy, promote
development of mammary
glands, play a role in sex drive,
and develop secondary sex
characteristics in the female.
Estrogen is essential for growth,
development, and maintenance of
female sex organs.

64. Secretions of the testes…
Secretions of the testes…
testes produce (Leydig cells)
male sex hormone called
TESTOSTERONE. It is
essential for normal growth
and development of male
sex organs. Testosterone is
responsible for erection of
penis.

65. Secretions of the placenta…
Secretions of the placenta…
During pregnancy, placenta
serves as an endocrine gland.
It produces
CHORIONIC
GONADOTROPIN
HORMONE,
ESTROGEN, AND
PROGESTERONE.

66. THANK YOU
FOR
ATTENTION!!!!