Nobel

1. Nobel Laureates
Shikha Yashveer1, Jayanti Tokas2, Shalini Jain3 and Hariom Yadav4
1Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 2Department of Biochemistry, CCS
HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India
3Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
4National Agri-Food Biotechnology, Mohali, Punjab, India
Email: yadavhariom@gmail.com

2.  Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833
in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers.
 He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor.
 The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the
inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in
1895. In 1888, Alfred was astonished to read his own
obituary, titled ‘The merchant of death is dead’, in
a French newspaper.
Alfred Nobel

3. MEDAL FOR THE NOBEL PRIZE IN
PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
FRONT BACK

4. NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE
NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS
NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
AND PHYSICS

5.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 was awarded to Emil
Fischer “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has
rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses’’ (1898).
HERMANN EMIL
FISCHER

6.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 was
awarded jointly to Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and Paul
Ehrlich in recognition of their work on immunity (1882).
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Paul Ehrlich

7.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 was awarded to
Albrecht Kossel "in recognition of the contributions to our
knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins,
including the nucleic substances" (1896).
Albrecht Kossel

8.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 was
awarded jointly to Frederick Grant Banting and John James
Rickard Macleod "for the discovery of insulin” (1916).
Frederick Grant
Banting
John James
Rickard Macleod

9.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 was awarded to
Willem Einthoven for his discovery of the mechanism of the
electrocardiogram (1903).
 Father of electrocardiography
Willem Einthoven

10.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 was awarded
to Karl Landsteiner "for his discovery of human blood groups”
(1900).
Karl Landsteiner

11.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 was awarded
to Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveries concerning the role
played by the chromosome in heredity" (1910).
Thomas Hunt Morgan

12.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was awarded
to Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of the production of
mutations by means of X-ray irradiation” (1926).
MULLER

13.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 was divided
equally between Hans Adolf Krebs "for his discovery of the citric
acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-
enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”
(1930).
Hans Adolf Krebs Fritz Albert Lipmann

14.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 was awarded to Lord Todd "for
his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes” (1949).
Lord(Alexander R.)Todd

15.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 was awarded to Frederick
Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of
insulin" (1945).
Frederick Sanger

16.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 was divided, one
half jointly to George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical
events" and the other half to Joshua Lederberg "for his discoveries
concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the
genetic material of bacteria". (1951)
George Wells Beadle Edward Lawrie Tatum Joshua Lederberg

17.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 was awarded
jointly to Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg "for their discovery of
the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and
deoxyribonucleic acid (1956).
 A scientist shouldn't be asked to judge the economic and moral value
of his work. All we should ask the scientist to do is find the truth-
and then not keep it from anyone. Arthur Kornberg quotes
Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg

18.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded
jointly to Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning
the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for
information transfer in living material” (1953).
Francis Harry
Compton Crick
James Dewey Watson Maurice Hugh
Frederick Wilkins

19.  The 1962 Nobel prize in Chemistry was divided equally between:
Perutz and Kendrew, Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Cambridge "for their studies of the structures of globular
proteins".
PERUTZ MAX
FERDINAND
KENDREW

20.  The 1964 Nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded to HODGKIN,
DOROTHY CROWFOOT, "for her determinations by X-ray
techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".
DOROTHY HODGKIN

21.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 was awarded
jointly to François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod "for
their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus
synthesis" (1961).
François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod

22.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 was awarded
jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall
W. Nirenberg "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its
function in protein synthesis’’ (1961)
Robert W. Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg

23.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 was awarded
jointly to Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E.
Luria "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism
and the genetic structure of viruses“(1952).
Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E. Luria

24.  The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 was awarded to Norman Borlaug.
 Developed semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat
varieties in Mexico.
 He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest
civilian honor.
 World Food Prize (1986).
Norman E. Borlaug

25.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 was awarded
to Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveries concerning the
mechanisms of the action of hormones“(1953).
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

26.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 was awarded
jointly to Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter "for their
discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies“
(1960).
Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter

27.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 was divided, one half awarded
to Christian B. Anfinsen "for his work on ribonuclease, especially
concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and
the biologically active conformation", the other half jointly to
Stanford Moore and William H. Stein "for their contribution to
the understanding of the connection between chemical structure
and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease
molecule". (1962)
Christian B. Anfinsen Stanford Moore William H. Stein

28.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 was awarded
jointly to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E.
Palade "for their discoveries concerning the structural and
functional organization of the cell".
Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade

29.  George Emil Palade (November 19, 1912 – October 8, 2008)
was a Romanian cell biologist. Described as "the most
influential cell biologist ever”.
 The prize was granted for his innovations in electron
microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the
foundations of modern molecular cell biology, the most
notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic
reticulum – which he first described in 1955.
 Palade also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in
Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of
fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in
1986, and was previously elected a Member of the
US National Academy of Science in 1961.

30.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 was awarded
jointly to David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin
Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between
tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell". (1968)
David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard Martin Temin

31.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 was divided, one
half jointly to Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally "for their
discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the
brain" and the other half to Rosalyn Yalow "for the development
of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones". (1950)
Roger Guillemin Andrew V. Schally Rosalyn Yalow

32.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 was awarded
jointly to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O.
Smith "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their
application to problems of molecular genetics".1970
Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith

33.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 was divided, one half awarded
to Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of
nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA", the
other half jointly to Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger "for their
contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in
nucleic acids“ (1972).
Paul Berg Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger

34.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 was awarded to Aaron
Klug "for his development of crystallographic electron
microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically
important nucleic acid-protein complexes". (1978)
Aaron Klug

35.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 was
awarded to Barbara McClintock "for her discovery of
mobile genetic elements". 1948
Barbara McClintock

36.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 was awarded
jointly to Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César
Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development
and control of the immune system and the discovery of the
principle for production of monoclonal antibodies". 1975
Niels K. Jerne
Georges
J.F. Köhler César Milstein

37.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 was
awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-
Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors"
Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini

38.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 was awarded
jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus "for their
discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes“ 1976
J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus

39.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 was awarded jointly
to Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech "for their discovery
of catalytic properties of RNA”1980.
Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech

40.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 was
awarded jointly to Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall
Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell
transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas

41.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 was
awarded jointly to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann "for
their discoveries concerning the function of single ion
channels in cells“ 1970
Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann

42.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991 was awarded to Richard
R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the
methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) spectroscopy".
Richard R. Ernst

43.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 was
awarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G.
Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible
protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory
mechanism"
Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs

44.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was
awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A.
Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes. 1978
Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp

45.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 was awarded "for contributions
to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" jointly
with one half to Kary B. Mullis "for his invention of the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) method" and with one half to Michael Smith
"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of
oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development
for protein studies".
Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith

46.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 was
awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these
proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell

47.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 was
awarded jointly to Edward B. Lewis, Christiane
Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus "for their
discoveries concerning the genetic control of early
embryonic development".
Edward B. Lewis Christiane
Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. Wieschaus

48.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 was
awarded to Stanley B. Prusiner "for his discovery of Prions -
a new biological principle of infection". 1982.
Stanley B. Prusiner

49.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 was awarded
jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule
in the cardiovascular system".
Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad

50.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 was
awarded to Gunter Blobel "for the discovery that proteins
have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and
localization in the cell".1990
Gunter Blobel

51.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 was awarded
jointly to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the
nervous system and dopamine".
Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel

52. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 was awarded
jointly to Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M.
Nurse "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle".
Leland H. Hartwell Tim Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse

53.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded
jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E.
Sulston "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of
organ development and programmed cell death'".
Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston

54.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002 was awarded "for the development of
methods for identification and structure analyses of biological
macromolecules" with one half jointly to John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka
"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass
spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" and the other half to
Kurt Wüthrich "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological
macromolecules in solution".
John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wuthrich

55.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 was
awarded jointly to Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter
Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic
resonance imaging"
Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield

56.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 was
awarded jointly to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello "for
their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by
double-stranded RNA“ 1998
Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello

57.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 was awarded to Roger
D. Kornberg "for his studies of the molecular basis of
eukaryotic transcription".
Roger D. Kornberg

58.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 was
awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans
and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for
introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells".
Mario R. Capecchi Sir Martin J. Evans Oliver Smithies

59.  The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert
Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate
greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the
foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such
change" .
Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC)
Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.

60.  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a
scientific intergovernmental body first established in 1988 by two United
Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by
the United Nations General Assembly.
 mission is to provide comprehensive scientific assessments of current scientific,
technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change
caused by human activity, its potential environmental and socio-economic
consequences, and possible options for adapting to these consequences or mitigating
the effects.
 It is chaired by Rajendra K. Pachauri. this involves the governments of more than
120 countries.
 A main activity of the IPCC is publishing special reports on topics relevant to the
implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty that acknowledges the possibility of
harmful climate change.
 Website www.ipcc.ch

61.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 was divided,
one half awarded to Harald zur Hausen "for his discovery of
human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer", the other half
jointly to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier "for
their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus".
Harald zur Hausen Françoise
Barré-Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier

62.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 was awarded jointly to
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien "for
the discovery and development of the green fluorescent
protein, GFP". 1996.
Osamu Shimomura Martin Chalfie Roger Y. Tsien

63.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 was
awarded jointly to Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W.
Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how
chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme
telomerase".
Carol W. Greider
Elizabeth H.
Blackburn
Jack W. Szostak

64.  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded jointly to
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E.
Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the
ribosome".
Venkatraman
Ramakrishnan
Thomas A. Steit Ada E. Yonath

65.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 was awarded
to Robert G. Edwards "for the development of in vitro
fertilization".
 British physiologist and pioneer in reproductive
medicine and in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) .
Robert G. Edwards

66.  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was
divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A.
Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation of
innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in
adaptive immunity".
Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman

67. Sir John B. Gurdon Shinya Yamanaka
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was
awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya
Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be
reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

68. Thank You