about the red blood cell.helpful for slide presentation.thank you all. Ayub Ali B,pharm (Hons.) State University Of Bangladesh ayubthecriminalgenious@gmail.com

1. Red Blood Cell (RBC)
o Red Blood Cell are also known as
erythrocyts(erythros=red)
o RBC is a flexible cell , bi-concave
and non-nucleated disc.
o The red color of RBC is due to the
presence of the coloring pigment
called HEMOGLOBIN
o RBCs play a vital role in transport
of respiratory gases.

2. Normal count of RBC:
AGE GROUP RBC COUNT
Male 4.5 to 5.5 million/cubic mm of blood
Female 4.0 to 5.o million/cubic mm of blood
Infant / baby 6.0 to 7.o million/cubic mm of blood

3. Morphology
of RBC:
o Shape & Size:
o Thickness :
o Diameter :
o Surface Area :
o Volume :
o Life Span:
Bi-concave
At te thickest point 2.5 µm
At the center ≤ 1 µm
7-8 µm
120-140 square meter
90 to 95 cubic micron
About 120 days

4. Composition of RBC
WATER
65%
SOLID
35%
WATER SOLID
Haemoglobin 33%
Other 2%

5. ROULEAUX FORMATION:
When blood is taken of the blood vessel, the RBCs pile up one above other like the pile of
coins. This property of RBC is called as Rouleaux formation.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
The specific gravity of RBC is 1.092 to 1.011
PACKED VOLUME:
When the blood is collected in centrifuge tube along with proper anticoagulant and
centrifuged for the period of 30 minutes at the speed of 3000 rpm, the RBCs settle at the
bottom of the tube leaving behind clear plasma at the top.
SUSPENSION STABILITY:
During circulation , the RBC remain suspended uniformly in the blood.
Properties of RBC:

6. TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN FROM THE LUNGS TO THE TISSUES:
Hemoglobin in RBC combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
BUFFERING ACTION IN BLOOD:
By this action it regulates the hydrogen ion concentration and
thereby plays an important role in the maintenance of acid base balance.
BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION:
RBCs carry the blood group antigens like A , B and Rh factor. This
helps in determining the blood group and enables to prevent reactions
due to incompatible blood transfusion.
FUNCTIONS OF RBC:

7. Pathological Variations:
 PATHOLOGICAL POLYCYTHEMIA
The abnormal increase in the RBC count is called pathological
polycythemia. The red cell count is above 7 millions/cu mm of the
blood. Polycythemia is 2 types.
oPrimary polycythemia
o Secondary polycythemia

8. Variations Of RBC:
 In Number:
Physiological Variations
Pathological Variations
 In Size:
Microcytes
Macrocytes
Anisocytosis
 In Structure:
Punctate Basophilism
Ring
Howell Jolly Bodies
 In Shape:
Crenation
Spherocytosis
Elliptocytsis
Sickle Cell

9. Pathological Variations:
Primary polycythemia-
Primary polycythemia is also known as Polycythemia Vera. It’s a disease
with persistent increase count above 14 millions/cu mm of blood.
 Secondary Polycythemia-
This is secondary to some of the pathological conditions such as;
o Respiratory disorders like emphysema.
o Congenital disease.
o Repeated mild hemorrhages.
o Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning.

10. Variations In Size Of RBC:
 Microcytes: decrease in size
Microcytes are present in size
i. Iron deficiency anemia
ii. Prolonged forced breathing
iii. Increased osmotic pressure in blood
 Anisocytes:
Cells without uniform size
Anisocytes occure in pernicious
anemia.
Macrocytes: increase in size
Macrocytes are present in
i. Megaloblastic anemia
ii. Muscular exercise
iii. Decrease osmotic pressure in blood

11. The various stages between stem cell and matured RBC are:
1) Haemocytoblast
2) Proerythroblast
3) Early Normoblast
4) Intermediate Normoblast
5) Late Normoblast
6) Reticulocyte
7) Matured Erythrocyte
Stages Of Development Of RBC

12. stage-1. haemocytoblast
o cell size: 13-23 micron in
diameter
o Nucleus: very large nucleus
oHb: Absent
oCytoplasm: Basophilic
Stages Of Development Of RBC
Stage-2. Pronormoblast
(Proerythroblast)
oCell size: 15-20 micron in diameter
o Nucleus: 10 micron in diameter
oHb: Absent
o Cytoplasm: Deep violet blue color
oMitosis: Occurs

13. stage-3: Early Normoblast
(Early Erythroblast)
o Cell size: 11-17 micron in diameter
o Nucleus: 10 micron in diameter
o Hb:begins to appear
o Nucleoli: disappear
o Chromatin net work: Fine & shows a few
nodes of condensation
o Mitosis: occurs
stage-4: Intermediate Normoblast
(Late Erythroblast)
o Cell size: 10-14 micron in diameter
o Nucleus: Shows further condensation
o Hb: Increases
o Cytoplasm: Polychromatic appearance
o Chromatin net work: Further condensation
take place
o Mitosis: Occurs
Stages Of Development Of RBC

14. stage-5. Late Normoblast
(Normoblast):
o Cell size: 7-10 micron in diameter
o Nucleus: 10 micron in diameter
o Hb: Gradually increases
o Cytoplasm: Eosinophilic
o Chromatin net work: Assuming a cartwheel
appearence
o Mitosis: ceased
stage-6. Reticulocyte:
o Cell size: 10-14 micron in diameter
o Nucleus: Shows further condensation
o Hb: Increases
o Cytoplasm: Polychromatic appearance
o Chromatin net work: Further
condensation take place
o Mitosis: Occurs
Stages Of Development Of RBC:

15.  Stage- 7. Normal Erythrocyte:
o Cell size: 7-8 micron in diameter
o It is circular, non-nucleated, bi-
concave disc
Stages Of Development Of RBC:

17. DISORDERS OF
RED BLOOD CELL
ANAEMIA-
Anaemia is reduced Hemoglobin concentration
in blood more than the amount appropriate for
that age, sex, race and physiological status.
Cause-
 Excessive blood loss
 Reduced production of RBC
 Excessive destruction of blood cell
 Destruction of bone marrow

18. DISORDERS OF
RED BLOOD CELL
IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA-
Anaemia due to insufficient supply of Fe to
bone marrow.
Cause-
 Excessive blood lose
 Increase physiological demand for Fe
 Inadequate iron intake
 Impaired absorption of Fe

19. DISORDERS OF
RED BLOOD CELL
APLASTIC ANAEMIA-
Disorders characterized by occurrence of
anaemia, leucopenia & thrombocytopenia
resulting from aplastic bone marrow
Cause-
 Drugs like vincristine, chloramphenicol
etc.
 Certain chemicals like benzene, TNT,
DDT etc
 Certain physical agents like X-ray,
gamma ray etc

20. DISORDERS OF
RED BLOOD CELL
MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA-
Anaemia which is occurred due to
impaired DNA synthesis as a result of
vitamin B12 or Folic acid deficiency
Cause-
 vitamin B12 or Folic acid deficiency

21. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA-
Anaemia resulting from increased
rate of RBC
PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA-
Absorption isn’t normal of
vitamin B12 or folic acid is caused
Pernicious Anaemia
DISORDERS OF
RED BLOOD CELL

22. DISORDERS OF
RED BLOOD CELL
SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA-
• Sickle cell anaemia is a blood
disorders that affects hemoglobin ,
the protein found in red blood cells
that helps carry oxygen throughout
the body
• Sickle cell anaemia occurs when a
person inherits two abnormal genes
that cause their RBCs to change
shape.

23. THALASSAEMIA-
Formation of an abnormal form of
haemoglobin which leads to
destruction of Red Blood Cell
JAUNDICE-
Jaundice is a liver disorder which
happens due to the release of a
substance called Bilirubin in the
blood
DISORDERS OF
RED BLOOD CELL

24. AyuB Ali
State University Of Bangladesh
ayubthecriminalgenious@gmail.com