3. The rate and rhythm of the heart are controlled by the
sinoatrial node (SA node) situated at the junction of
superior vena cava and right atrium.
The impulse from the SA node spreads through the atrial
musculature and down to the atrioventricular (AV) node
that is situated above the tricuspid valve.
Passage through the AV node is relatively slow,
accounting for the normal physiological delay in
ventricular depolarization.
4. The impulse then travels downwards to the bundle of His
and through its branches (right bundle branch and left
bundle branch) to the Purkinje network of fibers that
convey the impulse to the ventricular endocardium and
then epicardium.
The SA node is the normal pacemaker of the heart as it has
the fastest inherent discharge rate. However, potential
pace-making properties also exist in the cells of the AV
node, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers.