The document discusses seeds, specifically linseed and nux vomica seed. It provides details on their structures, constituents, and uses. Linseed is oval with a straight embryo, two integuments, and contains mucilage and fixed oils. It is used as a demulcent and to lower cholesterol. Nux vomica seed is disc-shaped with a straight embryo, one integument, and contains bitter alkaloids like strychnine. It is used as a circulatory stimulant, respiratory stimulant, and rodenticide. Both seeds are albuminous and have anatropous ovules.

1. SEEDS
Pharmacognosy 2
PG- 216

2. You do remember that
Pharmacognosy is a science
that deals with natural
products, don’t you?
In the first year, we studied
Different organs of plants as
Leaves, Barks, Flowers…
etcetra

3. And now we will study…
Seeds

4. The seeds like
Comes after fertilization of ovule by the Pollen
grain.

5. It is an integumented fertilized ovule specialized for the distribution and continuation of
the plant.
Seeds

6. Distribution
Continuation

7. Types of ovules
Anatropous ovule

8. Structure of the Seed
Albuminous
Exalbuminous

9. Forms of Embryo
1- Straight embryo: as in Linseed.
2- Curved embryo
3- Bent
a- Accumbent the radicle is bent against the two flat cotyledons as in
fenugreek seed.
b- Incumbent the radicale is bent against the flat surface of the one of the 2
cotyledons.
c- Orthoplocus it is an incumbent in which the 2 cotyledons are bent to include
radicle in between as in Mustard seeds.

10. Let’s Start…..

11. LINSEED (FLAXSEED)
‫الكتان‬ ‫بذور‬
Dried ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum fam. Linaceae.

13. • Oval lanceolate.
• Mucilaginous oily taste.
• Characteristic odor.
• Glossy brown with minutely pitted surface and mucilagenous taste.
• Distinct yellow ridge (raphe) and slight depression near ! Pointed end (?).
Type of seed: Albuminous.
Type of ovule: Anatropous
Type of embryo: straight

14. T.S. in linseed

15. Powdered Linseed

17. Pigment layer of linseed

18. Powder of Linseed
Pigment layer
Sclerides

19. Active constituents
 Fixed oils.
 mucilage (pectose).
 Small amount of Cyanogenic glycosides
(linamarin).
 Omega-3 fatty acids.
 Tannin.
 protein, starch.

20. Uses
• It is used as demulcent drink and in
treatment of constipation.
• It contain omega-3 fatty acid. Antioxidants,
flaxseed can also help lower the risk of
diabetes, cancer, and heart disease.
• Lowering cholesterol.
• In painting.

21. Test for linamarin glycoside
(Guignard paper test)

22. Guignard paper:
(Filter paper moistened with aqueous
solution of picric acid, then allowed to dry
and dipped in aqueous solution of sodium
bicarbonate and dried).

23. Complete the following:
1- Linseed derived from ---- ------- ovule.
2- Uses o Linseed -----------------------, --------------------- and
------------------------.
3- Number of integuments of Linseed --------------.
4- Type of mucilage in linseed is ----------------.
5- Chemical test of Linseed
anatropus
demulcent drink treatment of
constipation
antioxidant
two
pectose
Guignard paper test

24.  Type of seed-----------------.
 Type of ovule-----------------.
 Test of mucilage ---------------
 Pressing between 2 f.p-------
----.
 Type of embryo-------------.
Try this eXercise:
albuminous.
anatropous
permanent stain
straight
ruthenium red

25. Nux vomica seed
Dried ripe seed of Strychnos nux-vomica fam. Loganiaceae.

26. • Disc- shaped (button) usually concave on one side and
convex on the other.
• Satiny sheen appearance (due to closely appressed hairs
radiating from the centre to the circumference).

27. • The presence of raised ridge or false raphae from
the micropyle to the center at the hilum position.
• It has a small embryo, formed of two small thin
cordate cotyledons.
• Odorless with intensely bitter and persistent
taste.
• Type of seed: Albuminous, very hard & horny.
• Type of ovule: atropous.
• Type of embryo: straight.

28.  Testa: one integument.
 Epidermis: thick lignified closely appressed
hairs with lignified ribs.
 Endosperm: horny, hemicellulosic
very thick-walled polyhedral cells connected
together by plasmodesma threads.
Microscopical characters

31. Powder of Nux vomica seed

32. Constituents
indole alkaloids
 Strychnine
 Brucine
Hemicellulose (endosperm)

33. Uses:
 Strychnine increases blood pressure; therefore, it is
given in cardiac failure and may be used as a
circulatory stimulant.
 May be used as a respiratory stimulant in certain
cases of poisoning.
 Strychnine was formerly used as a bitter tonic &
stomachic, improving appetite and digestion.
 CNS stimulant in barbiturates poisoning.
 Poison for rats and other animals, used as
rodenticide.

34. Chemical tests
 Brucine +fuming HNO3 = Orange red color
 Strychnine + Mandalin’s reagent (sulfovanidic
acid)= violet
 Hemicellulose +I2 /sulfuric acid=bluish violet

35. • Nux Vomica is known as poison nut or vomiting nut.
• Strychnine is one of the bitterest substances known.
• Strychnine is highly toxic, affecting the CNS inducing
convulsions (severe muscular spasms), death occurs from
asphyxia due to convulsions of the respiratory muscles.
.
We will see the effects of strychnine
On mice in pharmacology lab.
Do You
Know!!

36. Try to figure out the errors in these sentences, if present?
• Type of ovule in Nux vomica seed is anatropous, as it shows
raphe.
• Linseed showed false raphe.
• Strychnine alkaloid gives violet color with conc. HNO3.
• Linseed can be used as respiratory stimulant.

37. Complete the following sentences?
• A transverse section in Nux vomica mounted with
Mandelin's reagent, a violet color is produced in the-------
--------------------------------of endosperm.
• Nux vomica seed has --------------- shaped
Linseed has ------------ integument(s), while nux vomica
seed has ---------- integument(s).
• Nux vomica seeds have Satiny sheen appearance due
to the presence of -----------------------------------.
• The epidermis of linseed is ------------------------- while in
Nux vomica seeds is-----------------.
Hemicellulose
button
2
1
thick lignified closely appressed hairs with lignified ribs
Parenchymatous
schlerenchymatous