The document provides a detailed history of the evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It describes the early development of mechanical computers in the 17th-18th centuries and discusses pioneers like Charles Babbage. It then summarizes the major generations of modern electronic computers from the 1940s onwards, highlighting important early machines like ENIAC and UNIVAC, as well as advances in integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers.

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DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, LLU
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER &
COMPUTING
ASSIGNMENT # 1
SUBMITTED TO: MR. NADEEM
SUBMITTED BY: ATIF KHAN (1872)
Section-B

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“EVOLUTION AND HISTORY OF COMPUTER”
Contents
INTRODUTION:-
EARLY HISTORY: (Williams, 1997)
 ABACUS:
 NAPIER RODS:
 PERCALINE:
 CHARLEE’S BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE:
 PUNCHED CARD:
MODERN HISTORY: (1940’S ONWARD)
 THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER: (Goel, 2010)
 THE FIRST GENERATION (1943-1958):
 ABC COMPUTER: “ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER”
 MARK 1:
 ENIAC:
 EDSAC:
 UNIVAC:
 THE SECOND GENERATION (1959-1964):
 PDP 1:
 IBM 1400:
 THE THIRD GENERATION (1965-1970)
 PDP 8
 THE FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)
 APPLE I APPLE II
 IBM PC
 APPLE MACINTOSH
 THE FIFTH GENERATION (THE FUTURE)
 DEEP BLUE
TODAY’S COMPUTERS:
 PALM COMPUTER
 PDA
 LAPTOP

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INTRODUTION:-
Computers have been around a lot longer than many people
might imagine. The word "computer" has changed meaning over
decades, but the electronic computer that we think of in modern times
developed throughout the second half of the 20th century. Its popularity
as a household item surged in the 1980s following the arrival of
operating systems by Apple and Microsoft that mixed graphics and text,
replacing the text-only systems of the 1970s. By the 1990s, computers
incorporated enhanced communication and multimedia applications and
became an indispensable part of daily life for millions of
people.Computers and electronics play an enormous role in today's
society, impacting everything from communication and medicine to
science.Although computers are typically viewed as a modern invention
involving electronics, computing predates the use of electrical devices.
The ancient abacus was perhaps the first digital computing device.
Analog computing dates back several millennia as primitive computing
devices were used as early as the ancient Greeks and Romans, the
most known complex of which being the Antikythera mechanism. Later
devices such as the castle clock (1206), slide rule (c. 1624) and
Babbage's Difference Engine (1822) are other examples of early
mechanical analog computers.
The introduction of electric power in the 19th century led to the rise of
electrical and hybrid electro-mechanical devices to carry out both digital
(Hollerith punch-card machine) and analog (Bush’s differential analyzer)
calculation. Telephone switching came to be based on this technology,
which led to the development of machines that we would recognize as
early computers. The presentation of the Edison Effect in 1885 provided
the theoretical background for electronic devices. Originally in the form of
vacuum tubes, electronic components were rapidly integrated into electric
devices, revolutionizing radio and later television. It was in computers
however, where the full impact of electronics was felt. Analog computers
used to calculate ballistics were crucial to the outcome of World War II,
and the Colossus and the ENIAC, the two earliest electronic digital
computers, were developed during the war. With the invention of solid-
state electronics, the transistor and ultimately the integrated circuit,
computers would become much smaller and eventually affordable for the

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average consumer. Today “computers” are present in nearly every aspect
of everyday life, from watches to automobiles.
EARLY HISTORY: (Williams, 1997)
“Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous saying formed the basis of
modern computer
.
The early history starts from:
ABACUS:
Very first computing device ABACUS also called
Soroban invented in 600 BC was the first computing
Device.
NAPIER RODS:
Napier Rods was a card board multiplication
calculator. It was designed in early 17th Century.
PERCALINE:
1642:
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented the first
operating model of mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the
Arithmetic Machine
“PASCALINE”
It was used for addition, subtraction,
Multiplication and Division.

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CHARLEE’S BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL
ENGINE:
Charles is the “The Father of Computers”
1822: His great invention “Difference engine Difference engine
”was to perform mathematical calculations.
It was fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program
1842“The Analytical Engine the Analytical Engine
“Was an automatic machine .It could do 60 addition per minute
The idea of analytical engine didn’t take physical form but served as a base
for modern digital computers
PUNCHED CARD:
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the
First electromechanical, punched-card
Data-processing machine
It was used to compile information for the
1890 U.S. census

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His company would eventually become International Business Machines
(IBM) This paper based machine represents the origin of computer
database software.
Z 3:
• 1941:Conrad Zeus from Germany, introduced the first programmable
computer

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• It solved complex engineering equations.
• It was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal
system.
MODERN HISTORY: (1940’S ONWARD)
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER: (Goel, 2010)
It used to be quite popular to refer to computers as belonging to
one of several "generations" of computer. These generations are:-
THE FIRST GENERATION (1943-1958):
This generation is often described as starting with the delivery of the first
commercial computer to a business client. This happened in 1951 with
the delivery of the UNIVAC to the US Bureau of the Census. This
generation lasted until about the end of the 1950's (although some
stayed in operation much longer than that). The main defining feature of
the first generation of computers was that vacuum tubes were used as
internal computer components. Vacuum tubes are generally about 5-10
centimeters in length and the large numbers of them required in
computers resulted in huge and extremely expensive machines that
often broke down (as tubes failed).
ABC COMPUTER: “ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER”
• 1942: It was developed by Dr John Atanasoff to solve certain
mathematical equations.

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• It was the first electronic digital computer
• It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitor for storage
MARK 1:
• 1944: Mark 1 Computer
• It is also known as Automatic sequence Controlled Calculator
• It is also known as Automatic sequence computer.
• It was first automatic calculating machine designed by Howard A
• Aiken with IBM Corporation.
Features:
• It could perform five basic arithmetic operations: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and table reference

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• It took approximately 0.3 seconds to add two numbers and 4.5
seconds for multiplication of two numbers
Disadvantages:
• It was huge in size
• Complex in design.
• Very slow.
ENIAC:
• 1946:
The ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) machine was developed by John W.
Mauchly and.J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University
of Pennsylvania.
Reason:
It was developed for military need.
Features:
1. It used 18,000 vacuum tubes Punch-card input.
2. Weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space.

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3. It was programmable only by changing the wiring, not through software
changes, but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to
compute artillery firing tables
EDSAC:
• 1949: The EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic calculator) was
made by the British
• It could do addition in 1500microseconds and multiplication
• In 4000
seconds.
UNIVAC:
1951: The UNIVAC
(universal
automatic
Computer) was the first digital computer invented by Muchly and Eckert.
Features:
• It used vacuum tubes
• Government received delivery of first UNIVAC in 1951 after U.S.
Census processing started.
• UNIVAC I, was the first computer designed and sold commercially,
specifically for business data-processing applications.
• It used a 100 megabyte hard drive.
• It could be used for business and scientific purpose.
THE SECOND GENERATION (1959-1964):

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The mid-1950's Bell Labs developed the transistor. Transistors were
capable of performing many of the same tasks as vacuum tubes but were
only a fraction of the size. The first transistor-based computer was
produced in 1959. Transistors were not only smaller, enabling computer
size to be reduced, but they were faster, more reliable and consumed less
electricity.
The other main improvement of this period was the development of
computer languages. Assembler languages or symbolic languages
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words (albeit very
cryptic words) which were then translated into a form that the
machines could understand (typically series of 0's and 1's: Binary
code). High level languages1
also came into being during this period.
Whereas assembler languages had a one-to-one correspondence
between their symbols and actual machine functions, higher level
language commands often represent complex sequences of machine
codes. Two higher-level languages developed during this period
(FORTRAN2
and COBOL3
) are still in use today though in a much
more developed form.
PDP 1:
• 1960: DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) introduced the Programmed
Data Processor,PDP-1

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• The PDP-1 was a main frame computer famous for its low costs.
• The PDP-1 did not contain many advanced peripherals or softwares.
IBM 1400:
• 1961: The IBM 1400 Series were major
breakthrough first computer in this series was
IBM 1401.
• IBM 1401 used transistors instead of the
vacuum tubes found in previous IBM
computers.
• The system contained many peripherals which included a new high-
speed printer. This print could print 600 lines per minute
THE THIRD GENERATION (1965-1970):
In 1965 the first integrated circuit (IC) was developed in which a
complete circuit of hundreds of components were able to be placed on a
single silicon chip 2 or 3 mm square. Computers using these IC's soon
replaced transistor based machines. Again, one of the major advantages
was size, with computers becoming more powerful and at the same time
much smaller and cheaper. Computers thus became accessible to a much
larger audience. An added advantage of smaller size is that electrical
signals have much shorter distances to travel and so the speed of
computers increased.

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Another feature of this period is that computer software became much
more powerful and flexible and for the first time more than one program
could share the computer's resources at the same time (multi-tasking). The
majority of programming languages used today are often referred to as
3GL's (3rd generation languages) even though some of them originated
during the 2nd generation.
PDP 8:
• It was the first mass market mini-computer developed for educational
purpose.
• It was implemented using four generations of technology: Germanium
transistors ,SSI,MSI and LSI
• Additionally it possesses two attributes i.e. continuing interest in its
architecture and implementation.
THE FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT):
The boundary between the third and fourth generations is not very clear-cut
at all. Most of the developments since the mid 1960's can be seen as part of
a continuum of gradual miniaturization. In 1970 large-scale integration
was achieved where the equivalent of thousands of integrated circuits were
crammed onto a single silicon chip. This development again increased
computer performance (especially reliability and speed) whilst reducing
computer size and cost. Around this time the first complete general-purpose
microprocessor became available on a single chip. In 1975 Very Large
Scale Integration (VLSI) took the process one step further. Complete
computer central processors could now be built into one chip. The
microcomputer was born. Such chips are far more powerful than ENIAC
and are only about 1cm square whilst ENIAC filled a large building.

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During this period Fourth Generation Languages (4GL's) have come into
existence. Such languages are a step further removed from the computer
hardware in that they use language much like natural language. Many
database languages can be described as 4GL's. They are generally much
easier to learn than are 3GL's.
APPLE I APPLE II:
1976:
• Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the
Apple I
computer.
Then the following year
1977:
• Introduced the Apple II microcomputer.
• During 1976-77 many other personal computer brand were marketed.
• These both have characteristics of a PC.
IBM PC4
:
• 1981:,IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer, easily fit on a table
or desk.
• They were available in taller or narrow size and have common features
of personal computers.
4
International Business Machine (the largest computer company in the world), started in 1911

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• 1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the
opportunity to develop the operating
system called MS-DOS for its new IBM
personal computer.
• 1981: The IBM PC was introduced with a
16-bit 4.77 MHz Intel
8088microprocessor and used Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system.
APPLE MACINTOSH:
• 1984: Apple Computers launched (during the Super Bowl) the Macintosh,
the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphic user interface.
• It was based on the Motorola68000 microprocessor.
• Its applications that came as part of the package included Mac Paint,
which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite.
THE FIFTH GENERATION (THE FUTURE):
The "fifth generation" of computers were defined by the Japanese
government in 1980 when they unveiled an optimistic ten-year plan to
produce the next generation of computers. This was an interesting plan for
two reasons. Firstly, it is not at all really clear what the fourth generation is,
or even whether the third generation had finished yet. Secondly, it was an
attempt to define a generation of computers before they had come into
existence. The main requirements of the 5G machines was that they
incorporate the features of Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and
Natural Language. The goal was to produce machines that are capable of
performing tasks in similar ways to humans, are capable of learning, and
are capable of interacting with humans in natural language and preferably
using both speech input (speech recognition) and speech output (speech
synthesis). Such goals are obviously of interest to linguists and speech

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scientists as natural language and speech processing are key components
of the definition. As you may have guessed, this goal has not yet been fully
realised, although significant progress has been made towards various
aspects of these goals.
DEEP BLUE:
• Deep Blue is a chess playing computer developed by IBM On 11 May
1997.
• The machine won a six-game match by two wins to one with three draws
against world champion Garry Kasparov.
• Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch, but IBM
declined and dismantled Deep Blue. Kasparov beat a previous version of
Deep Blue in1996.
TODAY’S COMPUTERS:
PALM COMPUTER:
1999: Palm Computing introduced the Palm VII handheld computer.
Features:

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• 2 MB RAM, and telephone modem port which can be connected to a
separate cellphone.
• Two AAA batteries power the unit for 2-3 weeks.
• The cost to connect to the internet was high.
PDA:
1993: Newton Message Pad was the first company to offer PDAs.
It is one of the most popular light weight mobile device.
Its primary input device is “Stylus” looks like small ballpoint but uses
pressure instead of ink.
Features:It stands for “Personal Digital Assistant”
It’s a handheld device designed for personal organizer that combines
 Calendar
 Appointment book
 address book
 Calculator
 note pad, PDAs began as pen-based instead of a keyboard for
input  They also incorporated handwriting recognition features.
LAPTOP:

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• Designed in 1979 by William Moggridge , and was used by NASA5
in the
space shuttle program
• It came with a five-inch screen
• Two 5 1/4 floppy drives
• A large collection of bundled software programs
• It contains a battery Pack Can be placed on a lap and cancarried any
where.
PARALLEL COMPUTING: (Raúl Rojas, 2000)
Up until recently most computers were serial computers. Such computers
had a single processor chip containing a single processor. Parallel
computing is based on the idea that if more than one task can be processed
simultaneously on multiple processors then a program would be able to run
more rapidly than it could on a single processor. The supercomputers of the
1990s, such as the Cray computers, were extremely expensive to purchase
(usually over $1,000,000) and often required cooling by liquid helium so
they were also very expensive to run. Clusters of networked computers (eg.
a Beowulf culster of PCs running Linux) have been, since 1994, a much
cheaper solution to the problem of fast processing of complex computing
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), started in 1958 as a part of the UN states Gov.

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tasks. By 2008, most new desktop and laptop computers contained more
than one processor on a single chip (eg. the Intel "Core 2 Duo" released in
2006 or the Intel "Core 2 Quad" released in 2007). Having multiple
processors does not necessarily mean that parallel computing will work
automatically. The operating system must be able to distribute programs
between the processors (eg. recent versions of Microsoft Windows and Mac
OS X can do this). An individual program will only be able to take advantage
of multiple processors if the computer language it's written in is able to
distribute tasks within a program between multiple processors. For example,
Open MP supports parallel programming in FORTRAN and C/C++.
SUGGESTIONS:
• We have to introduce new component which are capable to consume
less energy.
• We have to made devices by such materials which are capable to do
the same job but are cheaper than the previous ones.
• We have to introduce new technologies to enhance the performance
of computer.
• We have to reduce the size and increase the features of computer.
• As we know when we stepped up to artificial intelligence we were
succeed in enhancing the abilities of computer, so we have to do the
same again but with the latest technology.
• We have to use non mechanical devices which will be the best in the
performance.

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CONCLUSIONS:
At this position we are at the threshold of the technology. There is many
more to discover now. As we stepping up to the upper generation, we are
noticing revolutional changes in the technology of computer. As we are
leaving mechanical technology behind, we are going forward to the taste
the real purpose of technology. From vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence
we noticed five different modes/generations of computer. It is clear that
mechanical devices are slower than non-mechanical devices and they are
very helpful in the progress of technology. The conclusion is very simple
that the NON-MECHANICALs are providing the true platform of revolution
so what we have to do is just stick with non-mechanicals and latest
technologies to discover the new features and updating the previous one to
the next level.
References
Goel, A. (2010). Computer Fundamentals . james.
(2014). revolution of computer.
Raúl Rojas, U. H. (2000). The First Computers: History and Architectures. shelly,
g. b. (n.d.). introduction to computers.
Williams, M. r. (1997). A history of computing technology.