This document discusses several potential clinical applications of nanotechnology. It describes how nanoproteomics can be used to amplify proteins similar to PCR and can be applied to diseases like cancer. It also discusses how nanoparticles can be used for gene delivery, drug delivery to cancer cells, imaging and monitoring diseases, molecular diagnostics, and developing nanorobots for dental applications.

1. Clinical applications
Presented by:
Athar Hafeez (19-Arid-1333)

2. clinical applications
• Nanoproteomics are seen to be functioning as
protein amplification techniques similar to PCR.
• Infectious, endocrine ,autoimmune, and
neurodegenerative diseases, as well as brain
injury and several types of tumors.
• A logical circuit that enables autonomous,
selfsustained, and programmable manipulation of
protein activity in vitro. An example of such
application is the use of a circuit that monitors
the levels and activity of thrombin in

3. An example of such application is the use of a
circuit that monitors the levels and activity of
thrombin in plasma and delivers an inhibitory
anticoagulant accordingly.
• Quantum-dot-conjugated graphene for
imaging and monitoring drug delivery to
cancer cells.
• Like antineoplastic drug doxorubicin to cancer
cells

4. Phosphonanoproteomics
• Nanoparticles
characterization
have been applied in
of protein phosphorylation,
involving phosphopeptide isolation and
subsequently identification by mass spectrometry.
• Application
Protein kinase activities are significantly elevated
in different types of cancer and many new
pharmaceuticals target phosphorylated proteins to
help curb the disease progression.

5. • For efficient detection of phosphorylated
proteins these can be enriched with TiO2
coated magnetic nanoparticles before
spectrophotometric analysis.

6. Gene delivery
• Three main types of gene delivery systems:
1. viral vectors
2. Nonviral vectors (in the form of particles such
as nanoparticles, liposomes, or dendrimers).
3. Direct injection of genetic materials into
tissues using so-called gene guns.

7. • Nanotechnology in gene therapy would be
applied to replace the currently used viral
vectors by potentially less immunogenic
nanosize (50-500 nm) gene carriers.
Liposomes
• Cationic liposome based vectors( e.g.
Transferrin (Tf)-lipoplex) can be used for
delivery of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in
head and neck cancer and prostate cancer.

8. Benefits
The p53 gene has been shown to be involved
in the control of DNA damage-induced
apoptosis.
Malfunction of this p53-mediated apoptotic
pathway could be one mechanism by which
tumors become resistant to chemotherapy or
radiation.

9. • PEGylated liposomes linked to a monoclonal
antibody can be used for the expression of
human insulin receptor in brain.
Dendrimers
• Polyamidoamines (PAMAMs) dendrimers in
complex with the pCF1CAT plasmid for
intravascular and endobronchial delivery of
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) will
be available to treat cystic fibrosis.
Advantage is that it is completely localized in
lungs.

10. Nanotechnology as a tool in imaging
• Semiconductor QDs can allow the detection of
tens to hundreds of cancer biomarkers in
blood assays.
• QDs will be available for monitoring cellular
activities in tissue.
• Self-illuminating QD conjugates rely on
bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
which converts chemical energy into photon
energy.

11. Benefit
Resulting in dramatic increases in fluorophore
excitation as well as reductions in the effects
of tissue autofluorescence.
Have great sensitivity than existing QD
conjugates

12. fluorescent gold clusters (FGCs)
• FGCs derived imaging nanoprobes can be a
promising nontoxic alternative of
semiconductor nanocrystals.
Advantages
small
Stable and tunable visible emission,
hydrodynamic size, high biocompatibility
FGCs-based probes can be synthesized with
small hydrodynamic diameter typically of
<10nm

13. Red or NIR emission of FGCs offers deeper
tissue imaging options
FGCs are emerging as powerful bioimaging
probes
Potentials such as in optical detection

15. Molecular diagnostics
• Hand-held lab-on-a-chip that will be used in
the analysis of airborne chemical warfare
agents and liquid-based explosives agents.
• Nanopore technology for analysis of nucleic
acids converts strings of nucleotides directly
into electronic signatures.

16. • Gold nanoparticles tagged with short
segments of DNA can be used for detection of
genetic sequence in a sample.
• Multicolor optical coding for biological assays
will be available by embedding different-sized
QDs (nanocrystals of cadmium selenide) into
polymeric microbeads.

17. • Nanomaterials as effective adsorbents in the
column chromatographic
generators for medical
development
radionuclide
applications.
• Success of diagnostic radionuclide imaging
using nuclear medicine techniques is primarily
due to the availability of 99Mo/99mTc generator
system

18. Nanorobots
• Dentin hypersensitivity is due to exposed
dentinal tubules because of loss of cementum
on root surfaces.
• Reconstructive dental nanorobots could
selectively and precisely occlude specific
tubules within minutes, offering patients a
quick and permanent cure.