1) Studies have found that levels of aggression and crime vary between cultures. Cultures that emphasize honor, shame, community responsibility, and respect for relationships tend to have lower crime rates. 2) Research has also shown that cultures with weaker father-son bonds, such as those with polygamous family systems, tend to have higher rates of criminal behavior. 3) Some acts of crime and delinquency, especially among minority groups, have been seen as defensive reactions to establish a masculine identity or compensate for feelings of femininity, according to certain studies.