A presentation on the dosage form

1. A PRESENTATION
ON
DOSAGE FORM
PRESENTED BY
Ashutosh gupta

2. DOSAGE FORM
 According to FDA :-
 A dosage form is the physical form in which a drug is produced and
dispensed, such as a tablet, a capsule, or an injectable
 Other Definitions :-
 Dosage forms are the means or the form by which drug molecules are
delivered to sites of action within the body.
 A dosage form is the way of identifying the drug in its physical form.

3. EXTREMITY OF DOSAGE FORM
Accurate dose.
Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules.
Protection from gastric juice.
Masking taste and odour.
Placement of drugs within body tissues.
Sustained release medication.
Controlled release medication.
Optimal drug action.
Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal)
Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.

4. TYPES OF DOSAGE FORM
 Dosage Forms are classified on the basis of three types :-
o On the basis of Forms :-
a. Solid Dosage Form
b. Liquid dosage form
c. Semi solid dosage form
o On the basis of Route
a. Oral Dosage Form
b. Topical Dosage Form
c. Parenteral Dosage Form
o On the basis of Release Rate
a. Sustained Release Dosage Form
b. Prolonged Release Dosage Form
c. Controlled Release Dosage Form
d. Targeted Drug Delivery

5. TABLET
 Tablets are solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances with or
without suitable diluents.
 Tablets are the solid dosage form containing medicament or medicaments,
usually circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex.
 Types of tablet :-
oOral Tablet for Ingestion
• Compressed Tablet
• Multiple Compressed Tablet
• Sugar Coated Tablet
• Film Coated Tablet
• Delayed Release Tablet
• Repeat Action Tablet
• Chewable Tablet

6. TABLET
oTablet Used in Oral Cavity
• Buccal Tablet
• Sublingual Tablet
• Lozenges
oTablet Administered y Other Route
• Implantation Tablet
• Vaginal Tablet
oTablet Used to Prepare Solution
• Effervescent Tablets
• Dispensing Tablet
• Hypodermic Tablet
• Tablet Triturate

7. CAPSULES
 Capsule is solid oral dosage form consisting of a shell and a filling. The
shell is composed of a single sealed enclosure, or two halves that fit together
and which are sometimes sealed with a band.
 Capsule shells may be made from gelatin, starch, or cellulose, or other
suitable materials, may be soft or hard, and are filled with solid or liquid
ingredients that can be poured or squeezed.
Types of Capsule:-
oSoft Gelatin Capsule
oHard Gelatin capsule

8. CACHETS
 Cachets are the solid unit dosage form of medicament in which drug is
enclosed in tasteless sheet.
 The sheet is made by pouring mixture of rice flour and water between two
hot polish revolving cylinders . Water is evaporated and sheet of wafer
formed is known as cachets.

9. SUPPOSITORIES
 Suppositories are ovoid or conical medicated solids intended for insertion
into one of the several orifice of the body where they melt soften or dissolve
and exert localize or systemic action ,excluding the mouth.
 Types of Suppository:-
• Rectal Suppository
• Vaginal Suppository
• Urethral Suppository
• Nasal Suppository
• Ear Cones

10. POWDERS
 Powders are the solid dosage form of drug in fine state of division in dry form,
intended or internal and external use.
 There are two types of powders:-
oFor Internal Use :- 2 Types
 Fine Powder
 Granules
• Effervescent Granules
• Non-Effervescent Granules
oFor External Use :-

11. MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
 Monophasic Dosage Form refers to the liquid dosage form containing two or
more component in one phase system.
 It is also called as true solution because it is clear homogenous mixture
which is prepared by dissolving solute into suitable solvent.

12. MONOPHASIC
LIQUID
DOSAGE FORM

13. SYRUP
It is a concentrated or saturated solution of sucrose in purified water.
The concentration of sucrose is 66.7%ww and due to that it is a viscous
preparation.
The syrup which contains medical substance called as a medicated syrup and
those containing aromatic or flavored substance known as a flavored syrup.

14. ELIXIR
 It is a clear, sweetened, aromatic hydro alcoholic preparation meant for oral
use
 The medicated elixirs are generally contained potent drug like as antibiotic,
antihistamine or sedative, where as non-medicated elixir contained flavored.
 The composition of elixir contained mainly as ethyl alcohol, water, glycerin
or propylene glycol, coloring agent , flavoring agent and preservative.

15. LINCTUS
 These are the viscous liquid preparation that’s are used for the treatment of
cough
 They contain medicament which have demulcent, sedative, expectorant
action.
 They are taken in small doses without diluting with water to have prolonged
effect of medicine.
 Simple syrup is used as a vehicle for most of the linctus.

16. GARGLES
 Gargles are aqueous solutions used for treating throat infection.
 Gargles are supplied in concentrated form with the direction of dilution with
warm water before use.
 Gargles are used to relive soreness in mild throat infection.
 Gargles are used into intimate contact with the mucous membrane of throat
for few seconds, before they are thrown out of the mouth.
 Gargles are also used as antiseptic, anesthetic and antibiotics.

17. MOUTHWASH
 Mouth wash are aqueous solution with pleasant or acceptable taste and
odour.
 Mouth wash are used to make clean and deodorize the buccal cavity or used
for oral hygiene and to treat infection of the mouth.
 Mouth wash mainly contain antibacterial agent, alcohol, glycerin ,
sweetening agent, flavoring agent and coloring agent.

18. THROAT PAINTS
 Throat paints are viscous liquid preparation used for the mouth and throat
infections.
 Glycerin is commonly used as a base because glycerin is viscous in nature
and because of the viscosity it adhere to the mucous membrane for long
duration and posses a sweet taste.

19. EAR DROPS
These are the solutions of drugs that are in stilled into ear cavity with the help
of dropper .
 These are generally used for cleaning the ear , softening the wax & for
treating the mild infections .
 The solutions is generally in water , glycerine , propylene glycol & dilute
alcohol .

20. NASAL
DROPS
 Drugs in solution may be installed into the nose from a
dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle.
 The drug may have a local effect e.g. :- antihistamine.
 Alternatively the drug may be absorbed through the nasal
mucosa to exert a systemic effect.
 The use of oily nasal drop should be avoided because of
possible damage to the cilia of the nasal mucosa and if it is
used for long period may reach the lungs and cause lipoid
pneumonia.
 To avoid that nasal drops are prepared so that they are
similarly in many respects to nasal secretion, so that normal
ciliary action is maintained thus aqueous nasal solutions
usually are isotonic and slightly buffered to maintain a pH of
5.5 to 6.5.

21. EYE DROPS
 These are the aqueous solutions used for washing the eyes.
 These are supplied in concentrated forms & are required to diluted with
warm water immediately before use .
 They should be free from foreign particles to avoids irritation to the eye .
 They are required to prepared fresh & should not be stored for more than
two days to avoid the microbial contamination .

22. EYE LOTIONS
 These are the aqueous solutions used for the washing the eyes
 These are supplied in concentrated forms & are required to diluted with
warm water immediately before use .
 They sho0uld be free from foreign particles to avoid irritation to the eyes .
 They are required to prepared fresh & should not be stored for more than
two days to avoid the microbial contamination .

23. BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
 Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms are the dosage form which consist of two
phases.
 The phase which is present in large amount is known as CONTINUOUS
PHASE and the phase which is present in small amount is known as
DISPERSED PHASE.
 Biphasic liquid dosage forms are classified into two types :-
• Emulsion
• Suspension

24. EMULSION
 Emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparation in which one phase is dispersed in
the another phase with the help of an emulsifying agent.
 Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system.
 There are two phases present in the emulsion one is disperse phase and the
another one is continuous phase.
 The liquid which is converted into minute globules is called as DISPERSE
PHASE and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is called as
CONTINUOUS PHASE.
 There are two types of Emulsions :-
• Oil in water
• Water in oil

25. SUSPENSION
 Suspension is a biphasic liquid preparation in which finely divided solid
particles are dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle, with the help of an
suspending agent.
 The solid particles acts as a disperse phase and liquid or semisolid phase is
acts as continuous phase.
 The are two types of suspensions :-
• Flocculated Suspension
• Deflocculated Suspension

26. SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORM
 Semi solid dosage form are the dosage forms which have the higher
viscosity that of liquid dosage form.
 Semi solid dosage forms are classified into following types :-
• Ointment
• Creams
• Paste
• Jellies

27. OINTMENTS
 Ointment are semisolid preparation which are composed of hydrocarbons
and the mineral oils.
 In the Ointment which are composed of hydrocarbons, fluid hydrocarbons
meshed in a Metrix of higher melting solid hydrocarbon
 The ointment are mainly used for their protective and emollient properties.
 There are four types of bases used in the ointment :-
 Oleaginous Base
 Absorption Base
 Emulsion Base
 Water Soluble Base

28. CREAMS
 Creams are semisolid emulsion system with opaque appearances, as
contrasted with translucent ointment.
 There are two types of creams are available in the market :-
 Water in oil (W/O)
 Oil in water (O/W)
 The consistency and rheological characters depend on whether the cream is
of water in oil or oil in water and also on the nature of the solid in the
internal phase.

29. PASTES
 Pastes are basically semisolids into which a high percentage of insoluble
solids has been added so the viscosity of the paste is very high and thick.
 They do not melt at ordinary temperature and thus forms a protective
covering over the area where they are applied.
 They are mainly used as antiseptic , protective and soothing dressings.

30. JELLIES
 Jellies are tranasparent, non greasy, semi solid preparations mainly used for
external application to the skin.
 These are also used for lubricating surgical gloves and rectal thermometer.
 The substances like gelatin,starcg,tragacanth,sodium alginate and cellulose
derivatives are used for the formulation of jellies.
 There are three types of jelliy :-
 Medicated jelly
 Lubricating jelly
 Miscellaneous jelliy

31. THANK YOU