Spss and software

Ashok Pandey, Associate Research Fellow 1

⚫STATISTICS derived from the
New Latin statisticum collegium ("council of state") Italian word
statista ("statesman" or "politician").
⚫It was introduced into English in 1791 by Sir John Sinclair when he
published the first of 21 volumes titled Statistical Account of Scotland.
STATISTICS*: Statistics is the study of the collection, organization,
analysis, and interpretation of data
*BIOSTATISTICSAFoundation forAnalysis in the Health Sciences, WAYNE W. DANIEL
Introduction

A. Preparing for the study
B. Tools
C. Analysis
D. Programmes for specific task
* Abramsons and abramsons
STEPS FOR RESEARCH:

1. Reference Management
2. Sample Size and Power
3. PlanningAclinical Trial
4. Web based survey
A. Preparing for study

⚫1. Reference management:
a) BiblioExpress: store, arrange, sort, format, export reference(
reference manager)
b) Zotero: + automatically captures citations from most of the pages(
Reference manager + information manager).It is an add on to the
free browser FIREFOX, it can be used only if firefox is open.
c) Mendley:
d) MyNCBI:Allow users to save pubmed researches only.
e) Mekentosj papers: large collection of PDF files managed more
easily. only available for Apple macintosh users, no version for
windows.
f) citeUlike
g) Connotea
h) Hubmed

⚫2. Sample Size and Power:
1. Describe
2. Compare2
3. PS
4. PASS
5. Lenth's JavaApplets for power and sample size
6. OpenEpi
7. GPower
8. Power upR

⚫3. Planning a clinical trial: Trial protocol Tool
⚫4. Web surveys: Google forms, Survey forms flash out
while surfing nets, Satisfaction forms after foods at many
restaurants on Tabs.

⚫B. Tools:
1. Randomization - Etcetera, SISA,Gcalc
2. Calculators - Instacalc, Calcr
3. P- value - Whatis, PQRS
4. Spreadsheet- Kyplot, Lamorte
5. Graphs - RJS Graph, SBHisto
6. Epidemic curve - Decsribe
7. Text editor - Crimson editor

⚫C.Analysis: General - by Softwares
⚫D.Anaalysis: Specific Task -
1. Misclassification- Describe( single variable),
Comapre2( unpaired data), Pairsetc( paired data)
2. Assessing a scale- Etcetera( compute Cronbach's alpha)
3. Others

1. To provide the magnitude of any health problem in the
community.
2. To find out the basic factors underlying the ill-health
3. To calculate sample size from large study population while
conducting study/ research in the community.
4. To calculate survival rates of various diseases
5. To examine association between two variables in a given
study.
Applications of software application in public health

6. To study the prevalence and incidence of a disease.
7. To find out odds ratio, relative risk, attributable risk in case-
control and cohort study.
8. To find out normal distribution of a disease or health related
event
9. To test usefulness of sera and vaccines in the field -
percentages of attacks or deaths among the vaccinated
subjects is compared with that among the unvaccinated ones
to find whether the difference observed is statistically
significant.
10. In epidemiological studies-the role of causative factors
is statistically tested.

1. Accuracy and speed
2. Versality
3. Graphics
4. Flexibility
5. New variables
6. Volume of data
7. Easy transfer of data
Advantages of using a computer software:

Applications of statistical software in medical field :
1. compilation, tabulation and diagrammatic presentation
2. Finding averages, coefficient of variation, standard
deviation and standard error and percentiles
3.The application of tests of significance such as Z,
t, X2 , correlation and regression coefficients
4.Construction of life tables to find longevity of life at birth
and at any age

Commonly used Statistical softwares:
1. EXCEL
2. Epi Info
3. IBM SPSS
4. STATA
5. SAS
6. R Statistical software

Available Statistical Packages
Proprietary
 Excel
 SPSS
 SAS
 STATA
Free Software
 EpiInfo
 R
19

Types of statistical software
window Syntax Window+
syntax
Epi info SAS SPSS
MS Excel R STATA

Microsoft Excel
COST
 Individual License for
Microsoft Office Professional
$350
 Microsoft Office University
Student License: $99
 Volume Discounts available
for large organizations and
universities
 Free Starter Version available
on some new PCs
PRO
CON
 Nearly ubiquitous and is often pre-
installed on new computers
 User friendly
 Very good for basic descriptive
statistics, charts and plots
 Costs money
 Not sufficient for anything beyond
the most basic statistical analysis
21

SPSS
COST
 From $1000 to $12000 per
license depending on license
type.
CON
 Very expensive
 Not adequate for modeling and
cutting edge statistical analysis
 Not able to receive command of
formulas
 Not for systematic review and
metaanalysis
PRO
 Easy to learn and use
 One of the most widely used
statistical packages in
academics and industry
 Has a command line interface
in addition to menu driven user
intefrace
 One of the most powerful
statistical package that is also
easy to use.
22

SAS: originally used for management and agriculture
COST
 Complicated pricing model
 $8,500 first year license fee
CON
 Not user friendly
 Steep learning curve
 Relatively poor graphics
capabilities
PRO
 Widely accepted as the leader
in statistical analysis and
modeling
 Widely used in the industry
and academia
 Very flexible and very
powerful.
24

STATA
COST
 Cheaper than SPSS
CON
 Steap learning curve
PRO
 Excellent for data
manipulation
 Systematic review and meta
analysis can be done besides
other basic statistical
services
26

EpiInfo
PRO
 Consists of multiple modules to
accomplish various tasks beyond just
statistical analysis.
 ability to rapidly develop a questionnaire
 customize the data entry process
 quickly enter data into that questionnaire
 analyze the data
 rapid assesment of outbreaks
 display geographic map
 clusters and trends of disease can be known
 color shaded map created
COST
 Free
CON
 Not a dedicated
statistical package
 Not as powerful as
commercial alternative
for performing
advanced analysis and
modeling
28

R
• PRO
 Widely used and accepted in
academics
 Very powerful and flexible
 Very large user base
 Lots of books and manuals
 Several User Interface Shells
available
COST
 Free / Open Source
CON
 Requires steep learning
curve
30

⚫Freely available
⚫The software consists of three modules:
1. Anthropometric calculator
2. Individual assessment
3. Nutritional survey
WHO Anthro (version 3.2.2, January 2011)

47

Free / open source Proprietarysoftwar
Aquad(GPL licence, sinceversion
7) (Windows)
NVivo(Windows; Mac OS
announced for 2014)
ELAN (Java-based forWindows,
Mac OS, Linux)
ATLAS.ti (Windows; Mac OS and
iPad announced)
CATMA 3.2 forWindows, Mac
OS, Linux )
f4analyse( Windows, Mac OS
and Linux)
Statistical software for Qualitative Data analysis
ComputerAssisted/Aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS)

STATISTICS JOURNALS
⚫American Review of Mathematis And Statistics
⚫Bayesian Analysis
⚫Electronic Journal for History of Probability and Statistics
⚫Electronic Journal of Statistics
⚫Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Method
⚫Journal of Statistical Software
⚫Journal of Statistics Education
⚫REVSTAT
⚫SORT
⚫Sankhya - The Indian Journal of Statistics
⚫Statistics Education Research Journal
⚫Statistics on the Internet
⚫The R Journal

SPSS - Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences

What is SPSS?
 SPSS is a comprehensive and flexible statistical analysis and
data management solution.
 SPSS is a computer program used for survey authoring and
deployment, data mining, text analytics, statistical analysis, and
collaboration and deployment.
 SPSS can take data from almost any type of file and use them to
generate tabulated reports, charts, and plots of distributions and
trends, descriptive statistics, and conduct complex statistical analyses.
 SPSS is among the most widely used programs for statistical
analysis in social science.

About
Its is developed by Norman H. Nie and C. Hadlai Hull of
IBM Corporation in the year 1968.
It is compatible with Windows, Linux, UNIX & Mac
operating systems.
SPSS is among the most widely used programs
for statistical analysis in social science.

About SPSS Inc.
• SPSS Inc. is a leading worldwide provider of
predictive analytics software and solutions.
• today SPSS has more than 250,000 customers
worldwide, served by more than 1,200 employees in
60 countries.

Used in…
 Telecommunications,
 Banking,
 Finance,
 Insurance,
 Healthcare,
 Manufacturing,
 Retail,
 Consumer packaged goods,
 Higher education,
 Government,
 and Market research.

INSTALLATION OFSPSS16.0
Ashok Pandey, Associate Research Fellow
(STUDENT VERSION)
33

DATA
VIEW
Kiran Suwal 6/2/2018

VARIABLE
VIEW
Kiran Suwal 6/2/2018

OUTPUTNAVIGATOR WINDOW

SYNTAX
6/2/2018
Kiran Suwal

6/2/2018
Kiran Suwal

MISSING VALUES
• set.
• To change this field, click on the Missing Values… button.
• This will open the Define Missing Values: dialog box.
• Enter the appropriate information into the fields.
• When done, click on the Continue button.
• This field indicates which subset of the data will not be included in the data
52

Translate the Questionnaire into SPSS
Questions in the questionnaire are mapped into
Variables in SPSS
54

Question-response formats
• Closed-Ended
• Open-Ended with numerical response
• Open-Ended with text response
• Multiple response questions
55

Respons-format :: Closed-Ended (1)
How is your satisfaction with the customer
service of the staff of Suxes?
O Excellent
O Good
O Bad
O Very bad
56

Coding the answers
1 = Excellent
2 = Good
3 = Bad
4 = Very bad
57

Respons-format : Closed-Ended
Ashok Pandey, Associate Research Fellow dia 58
Please indicate your gender.
Female
Male
Codes:
1 = Female
2 = Male

Open-ended with numerical response
What is your average expenditure in the
restaurant on a weekly basis?
……… euro per week
For how many years have you been registered
as a student at Pandion University?
……… year(s)

Open-ended with text response
I would like to have the assortment
extended with the following products:
…………………………………………
Processed by
•
•
Coding manually afterwards or
Typing the answers literally (text
variable)
(Auto recode afterwards)

Scale characteristics
• Description
• Order
• Distance
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Scale

Levels of measurement
Nominal
• Your course at Pandion
(Marketing, Int. Business and languages, Int.
Business administration, Management and law,
Health studies, Security);
• Smoker or non smoker (yes, no);
• Choice of a supermarket
(A&P, Wal-Mart, Sears, Aldi, other).
62

Ordinal
In your opinion, would you say the prices at
Wal-Mart are
O Higher than Sears
O About the same as Sears O
Lower than Sears

Ordinal
What is your age?
O 15–<25
O 25–<40
O 40–<60
O 60–<90

Ordinal
Statement
Strongly
disagree
Strongly
agree
a. I always look for bargains 1 2 3 4 5
b. I enjoy being outdoors 1 2 3 4 5
c. I love to cook 1 2 3 4 5

Scale
Please indicate your age.
___ Years
How much do you think a typical purchaser of
a $100,000 term life insurance policy pays
per year for that policy?
$ ____

Coding data and the data code book
Questions: Variables
• Name of the variable
• Variable label
• Value labels (data codes)
• Level of measurement (Measure)

The SPSS Data Editor
Data View

Variable View

Variable view
– Name
– Type (Numeric)
– Label
– Values (= the codes of the answers)
– Measure (= Level of Measurement)

SPSS Menu’s
• Analyze
– Frequencies
– Cross tabs
– Tables

SPSS Menu’s
• Graphs
– Bar
– Pie
– Histogram
– Line
– Boxplot

SPSS Output
• Separate file in Output Viewer
• Inline Editing of Tables
• Chart Editor for Graphs
Don’t forget to save
– Data file
– Output file

File formats
• Basic format is .SAV
• Supports other common formats such as .XLSX, .CSV, .DAT etc
• SPSS syntax file (.SPS) can be used to convert other formats to SPSS
format

Analysis

The Four Windows: Data Editor
● Data Editor
Spreadsheet-like system for defining, entering, editing, and displaying data.
Extension of the saved file will be “sav.”

The Four Windows: Output Viewer
● Output Viewer
Displays output and errors. Extension of the saved file will be “spv.”

The Four Windows: Syntax editor
● Syntax Editor
Text editor for syntax composition. Extension of the saved file will be
“sps.”

The Four Windows: Script Window
● Script Window
Provides the opportunity to write full-blown programs, in a BASIC-like
language. Text editor for syntax composition. Extension of the saved file
will be “sbs.”

Opening SPSS
● Start → All Programs → SPSS Inc→ SPSS 16.0 →
SPSS 16.0

Opening SPSS
● The default window will have the data editor
● There are two sheets in the window:
1. Data view 2. Variable view

Data View window
● The Data View window
This sheet is visible when you first open the Data Editor
and this sheet contains the data
● Click on the tab labeled Variable View
Click

Variable View window
● This sheet contains information about the data set that is stored
with the dataset
● Name
● The first character of the variable name must be alphabetic
● Variable names must be unique, and have to be less than 64
characters.
● Spaces are NOT allowed.

Variable View window: Type
● Type
● Click on the ‘type’ box. The two basic types of variables
that you will use are numeric and string. This column
enables you to specify the type of variable.

Variable View window: Width
● Width
● Width allows you to determine the number of
characters SPSS will allow to be entered for the
variable

Variable View window: Decimals
● Decimals
● Number of decimals
● It has to be less than or equal to 16
3.14159265

Variable View window: Label
● Label
● You can specify the details of the variable
● You can write characters with spaces up to 256
characters

Variable View window: Values
● Values
● This is used and to suggest which numbers
represent which categories when the
variable represents a category

Defining the value labels
● Click the cell in the values column as shown below
● For the value, and the label, you can put up to 60
characters.
● After defining the values click add and then click OK.
Click

Practice 1
● How would you put the following information into SPSS?
Value = 1 represents Male and Value = 2 represents Female
N a m e G e n d e r H e i g h t
J A U N I TA 2 5 . 4
S A L LY 2 5 . 3
D O N N A 2 5 . 6
S A B R I N A 2 5 . 7
J O H N 1 5 . 7
M A R K 1 6
E R I C 1 6 . 4
B R U C E 1 5 . 9

Practice 1 (Solution Sample)
Click

Click

Saving the data
● To save the data file you created simply click ‘file’ and
click ‘save as.’ You can save the file in different forms
by clicking “Save as type.”
Click

Sorting the data
● Click ‘Data’ and then click Sort Cases

Sorting the data (cont’d)
● Double Click ‘Name of the students.’ Then click
ok.
Click
Click

Practice 2
● How would you sort the data by the
‘Height’ of students in descending order?
● Answer
● Click data, sort cases, double click ‘height of
students,’ click ‘descending,’ and finally click ok.

Transforming data
● Click ‘Transform’ and then click ‘Compute Variable…’

Transforming data (cont’d)
● Example: Adding a new variable named ‘lnheight’ which is
the natural log of height
● Type in lnheight in the ‘Target Variable’ box. Then type in
‘ln(height)’ in the ‘Numeric Expression’ box. Click OK
Click

Transforming data (cont’d)
● A new variable ‘lnheight’ is added to the table

Practice 3
● Create a new variable named “sqrtheight”
which is the square root of height.
● Answer

Features of SPSS
 It is easy to learn and use.
 It includes a full range of data. management
system and editing tools.
 It provides in-depth statistical capabilities.
 It offers complete plotting, reporting and
presentation features.

Getting data into SPSS
 Creating new SPSS data files
 Opening existing SPSS system files
 Importing data from an ASCIIfile
 Importing data from other file formats

Entering Data
DATAEDITOR
 The data editor offers a simple and efficient
spreadsheet like facility for entering data and
browsing the working data file.
 This window displays the content of the data file.
 One can create new data files or modify
existing ones.
 One can have only one data file open at a time.

Cont..
 This editor provides two views of the data,
DATAVIEW
 Displays the actual data values or defined
value labels.
VARIABLE VIEW
 Displays variable definition information,
including defined variable and value labels,
data type, etc..,

Editing Data
PIVOT TABLE EDITOR
 Output can be modified in many ways with is
editor, and can create multidimensional tables.
Ex:
We can edit text, swap data in rows and
columns

Cont..
TEXT OUTPUT EDITOR
 Text output not displayed in pivot tables
can be modified with the text output editor.
CHART EDITOR
 High-resolution charts and plots can be
modified in chart windows.

Saving Data
 We need to save it and give it a name. The default
extension name for saving files is ‘.sav’.
 Ex. SSPS.sav
 Also we can able to retrieving already saved file

Variables
 Variable is a user defined name of Particular type
of data to hold information (such as income or
gender or temperature or dosage). Array of
variable is a collection values of similar data
types.

Variables types
1. Numeric
2. Comma
3. Dot
4. Scientific notation
5. Date
6. Custom currency
7. String

Rules for Variable Names
 Names must begin with a letter.
 Names must not end with a period.
 Names must be no longer than eight
characters.
 Names cannot contain blanks or special
characters.
 Names must be unique.
 Names are not case sensitive. It doesn’t matter if
you call your variable CLIENT, client, or CliENt.
It’s all client to SPSS.

BASIC STEPS IN DATA ANALYSIS
 Get Your Data Into SPSS:
We can open a previously saved SPSS data
file, read a spreadsheet, database ,or textdata
file, or enter directly in the data
editor.
 Select a Procedure:
Select a procedure from the menus to
calculate statistics or to create a chart.

Cont..
 Select The Variable For TheAnalysis:
Variables in the data file are displayed in a
dialog box for the procedure.
 Run The Procedure:
Results are displayed in the viewer.

STATISTICALPROCEDURES
 After entering the data set in data editor or
reading an ASCII data file, we are now ready
to analyze it.
The Procedures Available are
 Reports
 Descriptive Statistics
 Custom Tables
 Compare means
 General Linear model (GLM)

 Correlate
 Regression
 Loglinear
 Classify
 Data Reduction
 Scale
 Non parametric tests
 Time Series
 Survival
 Multiple response.

REPORTS
Report is a textual work made with the
specific intention of relaying information or
recounting certain events in a
widely presentable form
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
This provides techniques for summarizing
Data with statistics, charts, and reports.

Cont..
CUSTOM TABLES
 It provides attractive, flexible, displays of
frequency counts, percentages and other
statistics.
COMPARE MEANS
 This provides techniques for testing
differences among two or more means on their
values for other variable.

Cont..
GENERAL LINEAR MODEL (GLM)
 This provides technique for testing
univariate and multivariate analysis-of-
including repeated
variance models
measures.
CORRELATE
 This provides measures of association for two
or more Variable measured at the interval
level.

Cont..
REGRESSION
 This provides a variety of regression
techniques , including Linear, logistic,
nonlinear, weighted, and two-stage least-
squares regression.
LOGLINEAR
 This provides general and hierarchical log-
linear analsis and logit analysis.

Cont..
CLASSIFY
 This provides cluster and discriminant analysis
DATA REDUCTION
 This provides factor analysis, correspondence
analysis, and optional scaling.

Cont..
SCALE
 This provides reliability analysis and
multidimensional scaling.
NON PARAMETRIC TESTS
 This provides non-parametric tests for one
sample, or for two and paired or Independent
sample.

Cont..
TIME SERIES
Provides exponential smoothing, autocorrelated
regression, ARIMA, X11 ARIMA, seasonal decomposition,
spectral analysis, and related techniques.
SURVIVAL
This provides techniques for analyzing the time for some
terminal event to occur, including Kaplan-Meier analysis and
Cox regression.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE:
This provides facilities to define and analyze multiple-
response .

GRAPHS
BAR
 Generate a simple , clustered , or stacked
bar chart of the data.
LINE
 Generate a simple or multiple line chart of
the data.
AREA
 Generate a simple or stacked area chart of
the data.

Cont..
PIE
 Generates a simple pie chart or a
composite bar chart from the data.
BOXPLOT
 Generates box plot showing the median,
outline, and extreme cases of individual
variables.

Cont..
PARETO
Generates Pareto charts, bar charts with a line
superimposed showing the cumulative sum.
CONTROL
Produces the most commonly-used process-
control charts.

Cont..
NORMAL P-P PLOTS
The cumulative proportions of a variable's
distribution against the cumulative proportions of the
normal distribution.
NORMAL Q-Q PLOTS
The quantiles of a variable's distribution against
the quantiles of the normal distribution.
SEQUENCE
Produces a plot of one or more variables by order
in the file, suitable for examining time-series data.

TIME SERIES: AUTOCORRELATIONS
• Calculates and plots the autocorrelation function (ACF) and
partial autocorrelation function of one or more series to any
specified number of lags, displaying the Box-Ljung statistic at each
lag to test the overall hypothesis that the ACF is zero at alllags.

TIME SERIES: CROSS-CORRELATIONS
Calculates and plots the cross-correlation
function of two or more series for positive,
negative, and zero lags.

TIME SERIES: SPECTRAL
• Calculates and plots univariate or bivariate periodograms and
spectral density functions, which express variation in a time series as
the sum of a series of sinusoidal components. It can optionally save
various components ofthe frequency analysis as new series.

Advantages
 SPSS offers a user friendliness that most
packages are only now catching up to.
 It is popular, and though that is certainly not
a reason for choosing a statistical package,
many data sets are easily loaded into it and
other programs can easily import SPSS files.

Disadvantages
 For academic use SPSS lags notably behind SAS, R
and even perhaps others that are on the more
mathematical rather than statistical side for modern
data analysis.
 Its menu offerings are typically the most basic of an
analysis and sometimes lacking even then, and it
makes doing an inappropriate analysis very easy.
 It is expensive, sometimes ridiculously so, and even
when you do buy you're really only leasing, and its
license is definitely not user friendly.
 There are often compatibility issues with prior

Practical

Practice 1
●Do a frequency analysis on the variable
“minority”
● Create pie charts for it
●Do the same analysis using the syntax editor

Answer
Click

Descriptives
● Click ‘Analyze,’ ‘Descriptive statistics,’ then
click ‘Descriptives…’
● Click ‘Educational level’ and ‘Beginning
Salary,’ and put it into the variable box.
● Click Options
Click

Descriptives
● The options allows you to analyze other descriptive
statistics besides the mean and Std.
● Click ‘variance’ and ‘kurtosis’
● Finally click ‘Continue’
Click
Click

Descriptives
● Finally Click OK in the Descriptives box. You will be
able to see the result of the analysis.

Regression Analysis
● Click ‘Analyze,’ ‘Regression,’ then click
‘Linear’ from the main menu.

Regression Analysis
● For example let’s analyze the model
● Put ‘Beginning Salary’ as Dependent and ‘Educational Level’ as
Independent.
salbegin  0  1edu 
Click
Click

Regression Analysis
● Clicking OK gives the result

Plotting the regression line
● Click ‘Graphs,’ ‘Legacy Dialogs,’
‘Interactive,’ and ‘Scatterplot’ from the
main menu.

Plotting the regression line
● Drag ‘Current Salary’ into the vertical axis box and ‘Beginning Salary’ in the
horizontal axis box.
● Click ‘Fit’ bar. Make sure the Method is regression in the Fit box. Then
click ‘OK’.
Click
Set this to
Regression!

Thank You

HOW TO CREATE
“QES, REC AND
CHECK” FILE
IN
EPI-DATA

Step 1. CREATE “QES” file
A. Create new folder in your computer so that all epi-data
documents you are going to create are put together.
B. Open EPI-DATA software
C. Click on “Define data” from epi-data window
6
1
161

QES…CON’T…
6
2
D. Select “New .QES file” from Define data options
E.Start by writing your project name in “New. QES file”
window
F.Type “ variable name” first , followed by “Field label” then “Define
type of variable”
162

Variable name and field label
The first word you type are considered as “variable name”
Then the list of full meaning of your variable name are
“field label”
Eg. IDNo ----- (variable name)

Define type of variable
Using “field pick list” menu from epi-data we can decide
weather our variable are
1. Numeric
2. Text
3. Date
5

To make “ID number” to be assigned automatically
5
• From “Field pick list” menu select “Other” then select “Auto ID
number”, put the number of field length (1,2,3…) then click
“Insert”

To insert date type of variable
6
From “Field pick list menu” click on “Date” , select the
date formats you want to use then click “Insert”.
1. DD/MM/YYYY--- 12/03/2018 ---Standard date format
2. MM/DD/YYYY---03/12/2018
3. YYYY/MM/DD ---2018/03/12

Numeric type of variable
7
and Date
• We use it for variables {other than ID ,Text
variables} which we insert our data using NUMBER .
• Eg 1 = Yes (for “Yes” response we insert “1”)
2 = No (For “No” type response we insert “2”)

Create numeric type of variable using two ways
8
1. Using “FIELD PICK LIST” MENU from epi data window
 From “Field pick list menu” click on “Numeric” then decide the number of
digits before and after decimal points.
Eg. If we want no digits after decimal points we make digits after decimal
points as= “0”

CON’T…
9
And we make before decimal points based on our interest,
(that is based on our sample size).
For example----- if our sample size is 100, we make it 3. i.e field
length is 3 (# # #), for 50 sample, we make it as “2”, i.e the field
length is 2 (# #).

Second method to define Numeric type of variables
0
2. Using short cuts
Click shift+# on your computer
E.g for 200 we type as (shift 3x i.e ###)

After finish “QES”file “align fields”
1
• To make our data entry form more attractive need to align
fields
• Select “EDIT” Menu from epi-data, click “Align fields”
N.B. first click on the variable with long variable label.

Step 2. CREATE “REC” FILE
2
First save our “QES file” on the folder we create before and
label it.
Second click “Make data file” at epi-data menu, then select “Make
data file”

Step 3. Create “CHECK FILE”
In this part we Set rules and commands for our data
1. Define range and legal values for continuous type
of variables (e.g. age, income…). message.
14

CHECK…CON’T…
4
2. Set “MUST ENTER & REPEAT” commands
We will not pass any fields without entering data if we set “Must
enter commands”
174

CHECK…CON’T…
5
3. “SHOW” & “TYPE COMMENT” COMMANDS
This commands help us during data entry by showing us list of
responses to chose among the lists and type entered response for
each respondents.
175

CHECK…CON’T…
4. Define variable labels for “categorical type of variables” (1=male,
2= Female). N.B. IF the categorical variable is made of two words it
must put under double quotation.
e.g. marital status---1. “never married”--- Two words

Cont’d…
• 5. Set “SKIP” Commands (IF the answer for question “A” is “No” then
skip question number “B” and go to question number “C”).
Select the question where this commands setted, then Click on
“edit” in check file, then click enter and type the followings :-
AFTER ENTRY
•IF A <> 1
THEN
GOTO C
• ENDIF

Step 4. EXPORT “EPI-DATA” FILE TO SPSS
8
 Open your epi-data file, select “Export data” from epi-data window, select
SPSS, click ok
 Second select and open spss data file from folder where your epidata qes ,rec
and check files found together under the same folder.
 Third from opened spss window click on “RUN” and select “run all”
 Fourth save the new exported spss data.
178

THANK YOU ALL
9
179

What is Endnote?
Create and manages reference lists.
Enables searching of reference "libraries" by author, keyword, date,
etc.
In Word documents, automatically formats the references in APA
format for you.
Many online databases allow references to be sent directly into
Endnote.
Can also store and organise images, graphs, tables, etc.

Entering References:
Three ways:
(a) Manually type them in.
(b) Save files from online search facilities.
(c) Search online databases through Endnote and retrieve
the references directly to your Endnote library

Manually Entering References (1)
(a) To start a
new Endnote
library,
click on "file",
then "new"
(b) This box
appears -
enter a
filename for
your new
library

Your new
reference library
(empty at the
moment...)

To enter a
reference, go
to "New
Reference"

Enter details of the
reference in the
relevant "fields"
(Optional how
many you use).
Select which
type of
reference you
want (journal,
book, comic,
etc.)

Click on "Close
Reference" to finish
entering this
particular reference.
Click on "New
Reference" to add
another reference.

A completed reference library:

Searching a reference library:

Information about References:
Each Reference:
Stores all the information needed to cite it in a reference list
(e.g. in a lab report or essay).
Within a library, each reference has a unique record number
which cannot be changed.
The fields (author, year etc) can be modified, deleted or new
ones added.
There are many reference types (book, journal article, newpaper
article, chart, equation, etc...)

Downloading references from the Web of Knowledge:
1. Go to library website and select "online resources":

2. Scroll down to "Web of Knowledge":

3. Click on "Web of Knowledge":

4. Click on "Web of Science":

4. Perform your search:

5. Tick the references you want to retain.

6. Click on "Save to Endnote...".

References are exported to your chosen Endnote library:
NB: shows only the new references (click on "Show all
references" to see earlier entries).

Downloading citations from ScienceDirect:
1. Go to library website, click on ScienceDirect:

2. Perform your search, then click on "export citations":

3. Pick "citations only" or "citations and abstracts":

5. Entries are added to the chosen Endnote library (this
time, with abstracts as well):

Using Endnote with Word

Endnote adds an extra menu within Microsoft Word:

Referencing conventions:
In essays and lab-reports, all cited work must be properly
referenced, by a reference in the text (author surname and date of
publication), and an entry in a reference list that contains complete
details of each reference:
In the text: "Field and Hole (2003) give lots of useful advice". Or
"Learning statistics has been shown to be easier than people think
(Field and Hole, 2003)".
In the reference list: Field, A. and Hole, G. (2003). How to design and
report experiments. London: Sage.
Problem is that the conventions for this differ slightly between
journals (although most use "A.P.A. format").

Start Word and open the document you are writing.
To cite a source, position the cursor where you want the reference to
appear, then click on "Insert Selected Citation":
Inserting references in the text:

Endnote
(a) adds the reference in the text;
(b) adds the full reference to a reference list at the end of the
document
- correctly-formated and in alphabetical order!
This is a load of rubbish I'm writing in order to show you how to use "Endnote"
(Duck and Mouse 2007). Here's some more tosh that I've just typed (Sooty and
Sweep 2007), and yet more (Lala, Tinky-winky et al. 2007).
Duck, D. and M. Mouse (2007). "Our living hell: life as prisoners in Disneyland."
Animal Behaviour 29(5): 179-199.
Lala, Tinky-winky, et al. (2007). "Effects of the media on body-image in telly-
tubbies." Journal of banal research 99: 201-203.
Sooty and Sweep (2007). Hands up: we don't have a leg to stand on. Congleton,
Garbage Books Inc.

Formatting the Bibliography:
You can format the references in different styles by choosing
‘Format Bibliography’ from the Endnote menu.
Use "APA 5th" as your output style

More Information, and how to get Endnote:
Endnote is installed on all campus PC's.
For your own computer, you need to purchase a copy.
See the Sussex University IT centre's website:

wants to help researchers
organize, share, and discover
research papers.
Mendeley

 What is Mendeley?
 Creating your library
 Managing your documents & references
 Citing and sharing references

Based in London, Mendeley are 15 researchers, graduates and
software developers from...
...backed by co-founders and
former executives of:

research libraries
researchers papers
disciplines
music libraries
artists
songs
genres
Last.fm
Mendeley

What is Mendeley?
Mendeley is free academic software
(Win, Mac & Linux) to manage, share,
read, annotate and cite your research
papers...
...and a research network to manage
your papers online, discover research
trends and statistics, and to connect to
like-minded researchers.

What is Mendeley?
Set up and manage your collections
Add tags & notes and edit document details
Library showing all your documents (citation or table view)
Filter your papers by authors,
keywords, tags, or publications

Creating your library

Adding your papers
You have different options to set up your library:
• Add single files or an entire folder
• “Watch a folder” to automatically import PDF files
• Add existing EndNote/BibTeX/RIS databases, or…
…drag & drop PDF files into the library pane…
… and Mendeley will try to extract the
document details automatically

Document details lookup
You can also try to complete the document
details by querying various databases
(Crossref, PubMed, ArXiv or Google Scholar)
Enter the DOI, PubMed, or ArXiv ID and
click on the magnifier glass to start lookup
And remember – made a mistake?
Press CTRL+Z (or Edit > Undo)
to undo the last step

Web Importer
To install the Web Importer,
drag & drop the bookmarklet to
your Favorites/Bookmarks
in your internet browser
Supported sites
www.mendeley.com/import
The Web Importer helps you to
grab citations off the web

Using the Web Importer
On the web page with
the reference(s) you
want to capture: click on
the bookmarklet…
…then click on “Import” to import
the reference/paper to your
Mendeley library. If
possible/available, also the
associated PDF will be imported.

Synchronize and manage your library online
Synchronize
your library
You can also add
references and
edit & manage your
library online
In addition, you will get statistics
about your library, your impact
and your research field (see later)

Manage your library
Star your favorite papers
Documents can be marked read/unread
Filter by authors, tags, publications or keywords
Open attached PDF files in integrated viewer

Search as you type

Full text search in Mendeley’s PDF viewer

Annotate and highlight

Mendeley‘s File Organizer
Mendeley can also organize
your PDF files in a consistent
folder structure on your hard
disk and rename them
according to their document
details
You can find the File Organizer in
Tools > Options > File Organizer

Citing and sharing references

Citing in Word & Open Office
Click on “Insert Citation” in Word
Highlight the paper you want to cite

Citing in Word & Open Office
“Send citation” to Word
Citation will show up based on selected style
Cite into Google documents
or other editors by copy & paste

Creating bibliographies
Insert a bibliography based on the citations

Public Collections (“Reading Lists”)
You can make a collection public in “Edit Settings”
View the collection online –
other users can subscribe via
clicking on “Subscribe” on
the collection page.
A Public Collection acts like a “Reading List” –
you can add references to the collection, and
users who have subscribed to this collection will
get the references pushed into their Mendeley
account. PDFs are not attached.

Shared Collections
A shared collection allows a
research group to create a private,
shared library and to
collaboratively edit and annotate
documents and references.
Only the members of this
collection can see it online

Create your professional research profile

Discover research statistics

Discover research statistics
What is your impact?

Leave feedback and see what’s coming next
Visit http://feedback.mendeley.com
to see what others are saying, leave
feedback, request features or report bugs

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