Process_Modeling

Process Modeling for Project Management
Slid No 1 By Ashok Kumar
by Ashok Kumar

Presentation Coverage
Definitions
Features
Life Cycle
Identification
Definition Elements
Design
Tailoring
Validation Review
Piloting
Measurements & Analysis
Improvement
Automation

Focus
Engineering or System Approach
Create new processes
Re-engineering existing processes
Applicable to quality models such as ISO
SEI-CMM level 4 & 5 perspective
For all organizations
Understanding Concepts
Map Concepts to practice
Implementation issues

A way to systematically achieve (manually or
automated) defined objectives or purpose which
are part of overall organizational goals.
A Process has scope or domain defined by the
activities it performs through procedures.
What is a Process ?

 Objectives
 Overview
 Environment
 Review/Approval
 Performance Indicators
 Improvement Criteria
 Measurements
 Analysis
 Implementation Guidelines
 Tailoring Guidelines
 Validity Life period
 Changes History
 Distribution
 Access Control
 References etc
 Objectives
 Overview
 Environment
 Review/Approval
 Performance Indicators
 Improvement Criteria
 Measurements
 Analysis
 Implementation Guidelines
 Tailoring Guidelines
 Validity Life period
 Changes History
 Distribution
 Access Control
 References etc
Procedure-1
Procedure-2
Procedure-3
…
Procedure-n
Procedure-1
Procedure-2
Procedure-3
…
Procedure-n
Process Structure
Procedure-x
Overview
Entry Criteria
Instructions
Measurements
Exit Criteria etc
Changes History
Procedure-x
Overview
Entry Criteria
Instructions
Measurements
Exit Criteria etc
Changes History

What is Process Modeling ?
Process Modeling is all about creating Models
of new processes. It consists of Defining,
Designing, Tailoring, Piloting and Improving
new processes.

BUSINESS SYSTEM
GOALS
Process Identification
Process Definition
Process Design
Process Tailoring
Process Piloting
Process Analysis
And
Improvements
Process
Implementation
and
Measurements
MajorChanges
RadicalChanges
Process Model
BoundaryImprovement
s
MinorChanges
Process
Life
Cycle

Ways of New Process Development
Evolution of Process
(Processes are created and modified to meet current needs)
Re-engineering
(Existing Processes are radically changed to meet defined goals)
Copy and Tailor
(Processes of Successful Organizations are copied and tailored)
Design from scratch
Understand Business Environmental Set
(Economical/Trade/Social/Technical/Laws)
Understand Business needs and Objectives
Translate Business Needs into Functions
Breakdown Functions into sub functions
Group activities needed to be performed together
Give a process name these group of activities
Define process elements

1. Identification No.
2. Purpose & Objectives
3. Description
4. Environment
5. Activities
6. Structured Instructions
7. Configuration Data
8. Input Data
9. Output Data
Process/Procedure Elements
(A process must have all the following definition elements
Underlined elements have local and global application.)
10. Dependencies
11. Risk Indicators
12. Performance Indicators
13. Improvement Criteria
14. Measurements and Analysis
15. Implementation Guidelines
16. Tailoring Guidelines
17. Entry and Exit Criteria
18. Validity Life period

Process Environment
Business Environment
Trends -
Technological
Standards
Economic Indicators
Trade
Social
Laws
Stakeholders’ Expectations
Organization Environment
Culture
Adaptability
Response to change
Management’ s Expectations
Competitors

Objectives
Derived from purpose
Quantify Objectives levels and improvement rates
Relate with Performance indicators
Performance Indicators
Indicates direction towards objectives
Initial level and rate values
Resetting of levels and rate values
Maturity levels and rates
Improvement Criteria
Measure Performance gap
Identify reasons for gap

Process Measurements
Global to Processes
Compliance
Efforts
Schedule
Size
Defects
Cost
Local to Process
Granularity
Sizing unit and conversion factor
Qualitative measures like Ratios
Validation Rules

Structured Instructions
Hierarchy
Inverted Tree
Grouping
Manual / Automated
Logical entity
Sequencing
Execution Logic
Configuration parameters

Configuration Parameters
Process Setup Requirements
Standards
Tools setup (H/W, S/W)
Manual Interfaces
Versions
Process Logical Requirements
Generic Logic
Conditions
Limits
Defaults
Process Tailoring Requirements
Input to Tailoring Logic
Scope of use

Input / Output Data
Structure and Elements (Tables/Templates)
Scope of use (Organization / Project Level)
Tailoring status (Essential / Dropable)
Sources
Process Interfaces
Process Measurements
Process Documentation
Collection Mechanism (Manual v/s Automated)
Storage, Retrieval, backup
References - Uses and Issues

Process Dependencies
This Process depends upon other Processes
Input Data to this process
Parameters Setting of other processes
Triggers/Events occurred in other processes
Performance of previous processes
Other Processes depends upon this Process
Output of this process to other processes
Parameters setting of this process
Triggers/Events occurred in this process
Performance of this process

Risk Indicators
Activities and instruction set execution
Incomplete Execution
Execution Error
Wrong Sequence
Wrong input data and Parameters
Effect on dependencies
Previous Processes
Next Processes
Risk Level
Indication method
Control Mechanism

Process Design
Identify Activities and Instructions to be automated
Manual
Check adequacy of instructions
Ways and means to execute instructions
Create checklist / templates
Validate checklist / templates
Automation Requirements
Interfaces between Manual and Automation
Process configuration and tailoring requirements

Process Tailoring
Generic Process to specific Process
Not to be executed instructions
New instructions
Substitute Instructions
Input/output dropped / Added
Interfaces Analysis
Assign value to configuration parameters
Check Input availability
Check output data structure suitability
Setup Tools required
Process Ready for execution

Process Validation Review
(Process validation is done after Process Design & Tailoring but before Process Piloting )
Team
– Independent Validation Review by two persons
Scope
– All definition elements
Focus
– Implementation angle
– Measurements
– Performance Improvement
Results
– Passing Criteria for starting Piloting

Process Piloting
(Execution of Tailored Process in Real World)
Project Selection
Moderate Size and Complexity
Pilot Cycle
Pilot Objectives
Monitor selected behaviors
Actual Measurements
Gap analysis - Actual/Expected
Reset objectives for next pilot
No of Pilot Cycles

BUSINESS SYSTEM
GOALS
Process Identification
Process Definition
Process Design
Process Tailoring
Process Piloting
MajorChanges
RadicalChanges
MinorChanges
IMPROVEMENT PLANING
Identify Process Changes to get improvements
Including new values of performance indicators
Plan ways and means to introduce Changes
IMPROVEMENT PLANING
Identify Process Changes to get improvements
Including new values of performance indicators
Plan ways and means to introduce Changes
PROCESS IMPROVEMENT SETUP
Identify Process Performance Indicators
Set desired max./min. levels for Indicators
Set desired rate of improvement in levels
Levels and rates measurements mechanism
PROCESS IMPROVEMENT SETUP
Identify Process Performance Indicators
Set desired max./min. levels for Indicators
Set desired rate of improvement in levels
Levels and rates measurements mechanism
ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS
Calculate Actual Levels and Rates
Values of Performance Indicators
ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS
Calculate Actual Levels and Rates
GAP ANALYSIS
Compare Actual Values with Expected
GAP ANALYSIS
Compare Actual Values with Expected
PROCESS IMPROVEMENT PROCESS

Process Improvement Issues
Performance Indicators
Productivity
Reliability
Density
Dispersion
Indicators’ Maximum levels
Indicators’ Achieved levels
Trends of improvement rates
Measurements v/s Indicators
Improvement Life Cycle

P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
Piloting of
Cycle-1
Execution
Cycle - 1
Execution
Cycle - 2
Process Improvement Life Cycle
First Cycle of
Improvement
2nd Cycle of
Improvement
i
Piloting of
Cycle -2

Automation v/s Improvement
Process Improvements
Relates to Process Performance Indicators
Scope is with in the process
Process Automation
• Aimed at radical changes
• Scope is the System Boundary
Think about the following:
• Automation with no change in Process Definition
• Automation with Re-engineered Processes
• Automation is not merely use of Tools

Process Automation - Scope
Local to Process
The Process itself
Specific Programs
Tools specific to process
Global to System
Measurements
Analysis
Metrics
Tools

Benefits of Process Automation
Compliance
Productivity
Tailoring
House Keeping
Capturing of measurement
Visibility
Central Repository Population
Change Management
Version Control
Documentation
Project Monitoring

Drawbacks of Process Automation
Reduced Flexibility
High Cost of the Automation Project
Difficulty in quantification of benefits
Reduced sense of ownership
Reduced individual’s involvement
Indifference to individuals

End of Presentation

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