PRESENTATION ON :LOBSTAR CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT

1. WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL AND FISHERY
SCIENCES
FACULTY OF FISHERY SCIENCES
Submitted to:
Prof.Tapas Kumar Ghosh
Dept.of aquaculture
FFSC,WBUAFS
Submitted by:
Name: Sumanta De
Roll:F/2018/36
REG.NO:6435 of 2018-19
BFSc 3rd year 1st sem
A SEMINER ON :Lobstar culture and its management

2. LOBSTAR CULTURE AND ITS
MANAGEMENT

3. CONTENT:
 Inrtoduction
 Systematic position
 Important species
 History
 Lobstar resourse
 Habitat
 Feeding habit
 Breeding technology
 Seed collection
 Hatchery production of larvae
 Nursery management
 Grow-out management
 Disease and control measures
 Conclusion
 References

4. Introduction
 8 species of spiny lobstar,6 shallow water and 2
deep sea species and 2 sp. Of sand lobstars
constitute the lobstar fisheries of India.
Lobsters have great market demand and price, and
especially live lobsters are the most preferred.
Customers in affluent countries are ready to pay
more for fresh seafood. Lobsters are exported in
different forms: live, frozen tails, whole frozen, whole
chilled, whole cooked, frozen and as lobster meat.

5. SYSTEMETIC POSITION
KINGDOM: ANIMELIA
 PHYLLUM: ARTHROPODA
 SUB-PHYLLUM : MANDIBULATA
 CLASS: CRUSTECEAN
 SUB-CLASS: MALACOSTRACA
 ORDER :DECAPODA
 FAMILY: PALINURIDAE,SCYLLARIDAE

6. LOBSTAR
SPINY LOBSTAR / ROCK LOBSTAR SAND LOBSTAR / SLIPPER LOBSTAR
Body sub-cylindrical Body dorsoventrally flattened
Long cylindrical antenna Short scale like antenna
Carapace with numerous spine Carapace without spine

7. IMPORTANT SPECIES
 SPINY LOBSTAR:
 Panulirus polyphagus
 P. Homarus
 P. ornatus
 P. versicolor
 P. penicillatus
 SLIPPER LOBSTAR :
 Thenus orientalis

8. History
 Lobstar catch in india is around 2000-3000 tonnes per
annum and most of it is exported frozen ,whole cooked or
live. . Export of whole lobsters since late 80's and live
lobsters since 1993 and the ever increasing demand for
Indian lobsters have resulted in their regular and
organised exploitation. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the
main lobster fishing states followed by TamilNadu. While
lobsters are landed as a bycatch in fish/shrimp trawls in
the north-west coast, they are caught by gillnets, traps
and occasionally by trawls in the south-east and south-
west coasts

9. LOBSTAR RESOURCE
 Due to a high market demand ,low wild catches and a continuing increase in
price,lobstar has become a promising candidate for closed-cycle and
controlled aquaculture.
 Philippines and Singapore are two Asian countries producing farmed
lobstar.The production from these two countries has been estimated at 68
and 2 tonnes respectively.
 Panulirus ornatus and P.homarus ,P.polyphagus are the main species having
high value in the export market.

10. HABITAT:
 Both P. ornatus and P. homarus are reef dwelling
species, most abundant on coral and coastal
fringing rocky reefs and the areas surrounding
them. Both are less commonly found in inshore
areas of a sedimentary nature, indicating their
broad environmental tolerances that make them
suitable for aquaculture. They are found in depths
of 1 to 50 m

11. FEEDING HABIT
 The juvenile and adult stages are omnivorous,
grazing primarily on small crustaceans, molluscs,
worms and algae. They are generally nocturnal,
most active from dusk through to dawn. Both are
highly social, preferring to congregate in groups in
hollows, caves and crevices within and beneath the
reef structures. This social nature also confers a
distinct advantage for aquaculture.

12. BREEDING TECHNOLOGY
 Lobstars mating involves the deposition by the male of a white
spermatophore, released from gonopores at the base of the fifth
walking legs (pereiopods), onto the sternum of the female. This
spermatophore may persist for several days, and when the female is
ready the spermatophore is scratched open with the posterior
pereiopods to release non-motile sperm, which are drawn into a
temporary breeding chamber formed by the tightly curled abdomen.
Eggs are released at the same time from gonopores at the base of
the third pereiopods and also drawn into the breeding chamber by a
current created by the beating abdominal appendages (pleopods).
Fertilisation occurs in the mix and fertilised eggs become attached to
long ovigerous setae on the pleopods. Each female can produce
several hundred thousand eggs per spawning, well over a million in
larger individuals, and may spawn more than once during summer. P.
ornatus have been known to undergo spawning migrations to locate
themselves on the edge of the continental shelf to release larvae.
Egg incubation takes ~3 to 4 weeks.

13. Hatching of eggs
 Hatching occurs at night.
 The larvae released from the eggs is named phyllosoma.
The first stage phyllosoma larvae (<2 mm carapace length) .
The phyllosoma larvae are planktonic in nature.
Phyllosoma larvae develops in 11 distinct stages.
The final stage phyllosoma metamorphoses into the puerulus,which is
free-swimming stage that looks like a lobstar and lasts for 2-3 weeks.

14. LIFE CYCLE OF LOBSTAR

15. PRODUCTION SYSTEM

16. SEED SUPPLY
 Inshore Lobster farming is currently reliant on a natural supply of
wild pueruli, which in Vietnam comprises a fishery that employs a
range of gear and methods to attract and capture the swimming
pueruli as they move after their oceanic larval stage.
 Two to three million pueruli are caught each year between October
and March, of which around 70 per cent are P. ornatus and 25 per
cent P. homarus.
 The only other developed fishery for spiny lobster pueruli is in
southeast Lombok, Indonesia, where around 500 000 pueruli are
captured each year. In this fishery, 90 per cent of the pueruli caught
are P. homarus and the rest are primarily P. ornatus.

17. Seed collection
 There is a large number of fishing gears employed to capture the swimming
pueuli as they move inshore after their oceanic development stage. About 50
percent of lobster are caught through trammel gill net. About 2 – 3 million
pueruli are caught every year during October and March, which comprises of P.
ornatus (70%) and P. homarus (25%).

It significantly sourced from the artisanal gears such the trammel nets (around
50%), gill net, and traps and lesser in trawler especially in Maharashtra, Gujarat
and Tamil Nadu.


18. HATCHERY PRODUCTION OF LARVAE
 Hatchery production of lobster larvae (phyllosoma) is technically
challenging because of the long duration of larval development, the
large number of moults involved and the delicate nature of the
larvae.
 Japanese research and development of hatchery technology is the
most long-standing at over 100 years, but in recent times the most
significant developments have come from Australia and New Zealand.
Small numbers of pueruli have been produced in research hatcheries
and several groups (government and private) are now
commercialising their technology. Commercial hatchery production of
spiny lobster juveniles is expected to become existent over the next
10 years, which is expected to enable significant expansion of the
grow-out industry.

19. NURSERY
 The captured pueruli are very delicate and mortality can be very high
(>50 percent).
 In Vietnam, pueruli are purchased from the fishers by dealers, who
hold and transport them to nursery farmers. The bulk of pueruli are
transported in small styrofoam boxes by motorbike over distances of
up to several hundred kilometres.

20. Stocking density in nursery system
 The nursery phase typically involves stocking the pueruli at 50-
100/m2 into submerged cages, consisting of mesh surrounding a
steel frame.
 Each cage is placed on the sea floor at 2-5 m depth and a feeding
tube from the surface to the cage provides the means to feed the
baby lobsters.
 Finely chopped trash fish, crustaceans and molluscs are used as
food. The nursery phase lasts for 3-6 months, during which the
lobsters grow to 10-30 g. They are then harvested and moved to
grow-out cages.
 Mortality during the nursery phase may be as high as 40 per cent
but under optimal conditions is usually less than 10 per cent.

21. CONT…
 In contrast, the nursing of lobsters in Lombok (Indonesia) typically
involves floating nursery cages which also serve as the attachment
point for habitat traps used to capture the pueruli. Thus captured
pueruli are simply and quickly moved from the trap directly into the
nursery cage. This approach is believed to result in much lower
puerulus mortality than the Vietnamese method. Floating nursery
cages are 3 m x 3 m x 2 m deep, consisting of fine mesh, suspended
from a floating bamboo frame. The cages are furnished with seaweed
(Gracillaria sp.); this provides shelter for the small lobsters. They are
fed with chopped fish flesh and on-grown for 1-3 months until
attaining 5-10 g.

22. ON-GROWING TECHNIQUE
Two techniques for rearing of lobstar.
1. Grow-out in land-based holding system.
2. Grow-out in sea cages.

23. GROW-OUT IN LAND BASED HOLDING
SYSTEM
 Lobster rearing is successfully done in land-based holding systems with
appropriate environment condition.
 Critical water quality parameters include the concentration of dissolved oxygen,
ammonia, nitrite and carbon dioxide concentration. The concentration of nitrate,
pH, salinity and alkalinity levels within the system is also necessary.

24. Cont…
 The unionized ammonia is more toxic than the ionized ammonium. Ammonia
concentration in culture water should be less than 2 mg/l and it depends on the
water temperature and pH.
 The demand for oxygen is higher at the time of moulting and after the feeding.
These typically occur during night hours. If optimum oxygen is not provided it
directly affects the growth of lobster as they are capable of adjusting the
metabolism even at the very low level of oxygen. Though lobsters can tolerate
gradual changes in salinity to a limited range, sudden dilution can lead to
stress, susceptibility to disease and mortality.

25. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR CULTURING
OF LOBSTAR
SL
NO
PARAMETERS RANGE
1. TEMPERATURE 25-30
2. D.O(% saturation) Minimum 70%,preferably
80%
3. SALINITY(ppt) 30-38
4. AMONIA(mg/L) <2
5. NITRITE(mg/L) <5
6. NITRATE(mg/L) 100
7. PH 7.8-8.4
8. HARDNESS(mg/l) 100-200

26. INDOOR TANKS
 There are two system being used for grow-out lobsters .
 1. recirculating system
 2. flow through system

27. Recirculating system
 The majority of the water is reused in the recirculating
system after removal of the waste products. The
recirculating system removes all the solid waste, ammonia
and nitrite, carbon dioxide and aerates the water that
returns to the fattening system. The solid wastes are
removed by mechanical filtration and the ammonia and
nitrite by biological filtration and carbon dioxide by a
provision of air and water interface. It has some limiting
factors such as dissolved oxygen and increased
concentration of unionized ammonia.

28. Flow-through system
 In flow through systems, the water is pumped into
another tank. The rate of water flow is determined
by the stocking density and feeding intensity. The
incoming water should be free of sediments.

29. Stocking density and Feeding
practices
 Good healthy lobsters can be stocked at about 1.0–1.25 kg/m2 after the
segregation into different size groups; the difference between higher and lower
weight should not be greater than 20g.
 Hideaways are provided to assemble the lobster in day hours which prevent
the energy loss.
 Lobsters can be fed with natural feed (mussels, clam, squid, trash fish and
smaller crab and shrimp meat) and the artificial feed (shrimp pellets).
 The night feeding is suggested for lobster which helps to reduce the feed waste
and spoilage.

30. Open sea cage farming
 The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) has conducted the
field trials of open sea cage farming for lobsters. The HDPE cage (140mm)
with a 6m dia were placed at a depth of 10' or more than that.
 The juvenile P. homarus with an average weight of 114.8 + 25.7 g stocked in
the cage grew to 226.0 + 43.0 g in 135 days with an increase in weight of 0.82
g/day and survival of 75 %.
 Lobsters were fed twice daily with mussel and trash fish. However, for
commercial production, the formulated diets have to be prepared and its
acceptability and conversion rates determined. That study concluded that open
sea cage farming is a cost-effective and biologically feasible way of growing
juvenile lobsters to market size, in comparison to indoor tanks even with a high
biomass of animals. Factors such as a supplemental feed from biofouling,
reduced stress, natural light levels and photoperiod are likely to have
contributed to the good performance of the sea cages.

31. Disease and control measures
 Disease problems in Vietnam have been a significant issue for farmed
lobsters, which came to a head in 2008/2009, when production fell by
more than 50 per cent due primarily to milky disease. Although the cause
is not confirmed, the localised pollution of the environment around
lobster farms is a likely contributing factor. To a large extent this pollution
is caused by the high farming density and the feeding of trash fish. The
uptake of pelleted feeds may help to alleviate this situation. Production in
Vietnam since 2009 has improved, since the incidence of milky disease
abated. This was a result of preventative or treatment measures (e.g. the
use of antibiotics) and a reduction in farming intensity as failed farms
from previous disease outbreaks were not re-activated. Unfortunately,
disease is likely to continue to be a major constraint.
Milky disease has been observed in Indonesia farm stocks of P.
homarus although it has not yet caused any major mortality. It is hoped
that information arising from Vietnam will be used to mitigate disease in
the developing Indonesian industry.

32. DISEASE AGENT TYPE SYNDROME MEASURES
Milky Disease; Milky Haemolymph
Disease (MHD)
Rickettsia like
bacterium
Bacteria
Milky appearance in
tail muscle;
lethargy; poor feed
response; low
growth rate;
significant mortality
Oxytetracycline 10 % (3-7 g/kg feed) for
5-7 days; quinolones effective but not
recommended; shorter cropping period;
prophylactic antibiotics in feed; use of
vitamins, immunostimulants & probiotics
in feed
Red Body
Vibrio spp., often V.
alginolyticus,
reported
Bacteria
Body has distinct
reddish coloration;
lethargy; poor feed
response; low
growth rate; some
mortality
Oxytetracycline 10 % (3-7 g/kg feed) for
5-7 days; maintain good hygiene
Black Gill Unknown, consistent
with Fusarium spp
Fungi
Gills become black;
lethargy; poor feed
response; low
growth rate; some
mortality
Formalin; clean cage; move to clean site

33. Tail rot Non-specific Various
Blisters &
lesions on
margins of
telson &
uropods;
reduced
growth rate;
low mortality
Formalin;
lower stocking
density;
maintain good
cage hygiene
Loose head No pathogen Environmental Head loose
Maintain
cages in
salinity >28
‰
Soft shell No pathogen Nutritional Thin shell
Improved
nutrition

34. conclusion
 That study concluded that open sea cage farming is a cost-
effective and biologically feasible way of growing juvenile
lobsters to market size, in comparison to indoor tanks even
with a high biomass of animals. Factors such as a
supplemental feed from biofouling, reduced stress, natural
light levels and photoperiod are likely to have contributed to
the good performance of the sea cages

35. References
 www.fao.org
 Vikaspedia.in

36. THANKING YOU