Benificial for studing environment and occupational diseases

1. PREVENTION OF
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
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Presented by:- Arun Raj
B.Sc Nurse.
Masters in public health.
Amrita institute of medicial sciences,
kochi, kerala

2. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• MEDICAL MEASURES
• ENGINEERING MEASURES
• OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
• LEGISLATIVE MEASURES
• SOCIAL SECURITY MEASURES FOR
WORKERS
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3. 1.MEDICAL MEASURES
• PRE PLACEMENT EXAMINATION
• PERIODICAL EXAMINATION
• MEDICAL & HEALTH CARE
SERVICE
• NOTIFICATION
• SUPERVISION OF WORKING
ENVIRONMENT
• MAINTANANCE & ANALYSIS OF
RECORDS
• HEALTH EDUCATION &
COUNSELLING
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4. Medical Measures
• Pre-placement examination – It is the foundation of
efficient occupational health services. Worker’s
medical, family, occupational, social history is taken.
Thorough physical examination, x- ray, ECG, vision
testing, urine and blood examination. In this way a
right person is employed for right job (ergonomics).
Pre-placement examination is also necessary for
future comparison. Some industries do not do this
job like small scale industries, mines, etc.
Examination should be frequent. Care to be taken of
the employees returning from sickness.
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5. • Periodical Examination – it is necessary
because sometimes disease develops during
working hours after days or weeks. So
recognition of disease in time is necessary to
cure. This frequency may be once a year or
once a month or once a week depending on
type of the industry, particularly the workers
returning from sickness.
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6. • Medical and Health Care Services – It is basic
health care service. ESIS provides medical care
to worker and his family. First aid services be
provided whenever necessary which can
reduce suffering and disability. Timely
immunization be given whenever necessary.
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7. • Notification – Some diseases require notification to
higher authorities under the Factories Act for taking
necessary steps for control, investigate the
circumstances and situation.
• Supervision of working environment – Frequent
visits by the physician to be given to the working
place to know about environment like temperature,
lighting, ventilation, humidity, noise, space per
worker, air pollution and sanitations which may exert
ill effect on the health of worker. Night work, shift
work, weight lifting should also be observed.
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8. • Maintenance of records – Proper records be
maintained for planning, development and
efficient operation of service.
• Health education and counseling – Workers
be educated for correct use of protective
devices like mask, gloves, apron, boots. Hand
washing, pairing the nails, bodily cleanliness
be explained. Education can be given by
charts, posters, hand bills.
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9. 2.ENGINEERING MEASURES
• DESIGN OF BUILDING
• GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
• GENERAL VENTILATION
• MECHANISATION
• SUBSTITUTION
• DUSTS
• ENCLOSURE
• ISOLATION
• LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
• PROTECTIVE DEVICES
• RESEARCH
• STATISTICAL MONITORING
• ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
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10. Engineering Measures
• Design of building – Type of floor, walls, height,
ceiling, roof, doors and windows should be properly
constructed before the start of occupation, because
change can not be done afterwards.
• Good house keeping –Attention be given to general
cleanliness, ventilation, lighting, washing, food
arrangements. Dusts should be cleaned by vacuum
or by weight agents. Devices, equipments be kept
clean. The right thing should be in the right place.
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11. • General ventilation – Provision of fresh air incoming
and bed air out going should be available. Sufficient
space be provided to each worker for comfortable
working. Good ventilation decreases airborne
hazards specially dust and gases.
• Mechanization – The plant be mechanized to the
fullest extent to reduce direct contact with harmful
substances. In this way diseases like dermatitis may
be prevented.
• Substitution – Replacement of a harmful material by
a harmless one. For example white phosphorus can
be replaced by phosphorus sesquisulphide in match
industry. Zink and iron paints may be used in place of
lead paints07/30/17 11

12. • Dusts – They can be removed by wet cleaning,
exhaust fans.
• Enclosure – Some machine like grinding
machinery should be enclosed to stop
pollution of the air.
• Isolation – The places, where offensive
process is occurring should be isolated to save
the other workers exposure. Certain operation
may be done at night shift.
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13. • Protective devices – Devices like respirators,
ear plugs, ear muffs, helmets, safety shoes,
aprons, gloves, gum boots, screens, goggles
should be used by the workers for their safety.
• Monitoring Environment – Permissible limits
for dust and gases in the air should be
monitored periodically. Other factors like
heat, ventilation, lighting should be monitored
by the doctors and engineers jointly.
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14. Occupational Health & Safety
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15. Definition:
•Means by which to control aspects of
work production that involve any degree
of risk or danger that may cause injury or
harm.
•This process eliminates such elements to
ensure employee safety & health.
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16. For All Employees
• The Reasons for OH & S:
• Eliminates possible danger.
• Safeguard employee productivity.
• Means to promote workplace processes.
• Protect employee rights.
• Maintain worker health.
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17. Our Safety Procedures :
• Written Instructions in OH & S
Manual.
• Regular Inspections by Safety
Representatives.
• Informal: Employee Observation.
• In accord with legal regulations.
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18. All Safety Checks on
Office Equipment:
• Lighting & Glare.
• Equipment Layout &
Access.
• Space.
• Manual Handling.
• Noise.
• Ventilation, humidity &
temperature.
• Desk.
• Chair - Adjusted Height
& Foot Position.
• Computer &
Accessories.
• Laptops.
• Safety Equipment.
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19. Safety
Representatives
• The two representatives elected as
company advisors on all OH & S issues.
Empowered to act on behalf of employees &
employer. Able to inspect any incident or
potential problem.
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20. Prevention (The Best Cure)
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• The 4 Step System:
• S A F E
• Spot the Hazard
• Assess the Risk
• Fix the Problem
• Evaluate Results

21. Spot the Hazard
Physical inspection of workplace.
•A hazard is anything with potential to cause
injury, illness or damage.
Identified by:
Observing Workers Tasks.
Speaking to Workers.
Using Safety Checklist.
Review Manufacturers Info.
View injury Records.07/30/17 21

22. Assess the Risk
Once hazards are identified determine their
level of risk.
A risk is the likelihood of a hazard
causing injury, illness or damage to health.
Assessed by:
Potential Impact of hazard.
How likely is the hazard to cause someone
harm.
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23. Fix the Problem
Also known as risk control.
Aim to remove a hazard completely.
If this is not possible a ‘hierarchy of
control’ exist.
Eliminate the Hazard.
Substitute the Hazard.
Isolate the Hazard.
Use Engineering Controls.
Use Administrative Controls.
Use Personal Protective Equipment.
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24. Evaluate Results
This comes after the first three steps in the
hazard management process.
How effective are changes made to fix the
problem.
Talk to workers & their response.
Are changes making a difference?
Workers opinion on change.
Do solutions reduce risk?
Do solutions create new hazards or increase risk of
existing ones?07/30/17 24

25. Reporting Risks & Incidents
Under current law a Workplace Standards
Inspector must be notified immediately if:
Someone is killed.
Someone suffers serious bodily injury or
illness (requiring hospital admission).
A dangerous incident occurs which could have
resulted in someone being killed or serious
injury / illness.
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26. Details to be Reported in Writing
For other incidents & near misses a written
record must be made.
The Written Report must include:
What: Description of Event / Injury / Damage.
When: Time & Date of incident.
Where: Location & Street Address.
Who: Person, Witness, Workplace & Reporter.
Why: Incident cause, Future action to prevent
it again.07/30/17 26

27. Resolving OH & S Issues
Consultation process to share information
on OH & S. Both employees & employers
work together to resolve issues. Through
committees & safety reports. Inspectors
pivotal as they provide an assessment of
conditions in the workplace.
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28. In case of an Emergency
Means the safe & rapid evacuation of workplace
in the case of an emergency.
 Emergency procedures can be invoked
once a threat becomes visible.
 Drill commands include personnel
departure & actions to counter existing danger.
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29. Employer Responsibilities
To maintain & provide:
A safe working environment.
Safe systems of work.
Facilities for the welfare of all workers.
Any information, instruction, training or
supervision needed to ensure workers safety
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30. Employee Responsibilities
• Responsible for:
Ensuring own personal health & safety, and
that of others in the workplace.
Complying with any reasonable directions
given by management relating to health &
safety.
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31. Safety & Hazard Signs
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32. Occupational Legislations
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33. LEGISLATIVE MEASURES
• The Factories Act, 1948
• The Employees State Insurance
Act, 1948
• Mine & Mineral Act,
(Development & Regulation) Act,
1957
• Noise Pollution (Regulation &
Control ) Rules, 2000
• The Child Labour (Prohibition &
Regulation) Act, 1986
• The Air (Prevention & Control of
Pollution ) Act, 1981
• Maternity Benefit Act (1961)
• Minimum wages Act07/30/17 33

34. THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948
• Factories act enacted in 1881
• The act amended in 1911, 1934, 1948, 1976, 1987
• Factory: establishment employing 10 or more
workers where power is used, and 20 or more
workers where power is not used.
• Prescribed working hours, holidays and
employment of young men and women.
• Prohibits employment of children under 14 years
• Adolescents should be duly certified by certifying
surgeons regarding fitness to work
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35. THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948
• Chapter III (Section 11-20) deals with health
aspects
• Chapter IV (Section 21-40) deals with safety
aspects
• Chapter V deals with welfare aspects
• Chapter VI deals with work hours holidays
interval
• Chapter VII deals with employment of young
person
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36. The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948
• Provides cash and medical benefits to industrial
employees in case of sickness, maternity and
employment injury.
• Administration by ESI Corporation
• The Union minister for labour :chairman
Secretary Ministry of labour : vice chairman
• 4 principal officers
– Insurance commissioner
– Medical commissioner
– Finance commissioner
– Actuary
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37. The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948
Benefits to employees
• Medical benefit
• Sickness benefit
• Maternity benefit
• Disablement benefit
• Dependent benefit
• Funeral expense
• Rehabilitation
allowance
Benefits to employers
• Exemption from the applicability
of Workmen's Compensation Act
1923
• Exemption from Maternity
Benefit Act 1961
• Exemption from payment of
Medical allowance to employees
and their dependants or
arranging for their medical care
• Rebate under the Income Tax
Act on contribution deposited in
the ESI Account
• Healthy work-force.
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38. The Child Labour (Prohibition &
Regulation) Act, 1986
• Child (under 14 years) labour
is prohibited in India under
The Child Labour (Prohibition
And Regulation) Act, 1986.
• It includes work in a shop,
commercial establishment,
work-shop, farm, residential
hotel, restaurant, eating-
house, theatre or other place
of public amusement or
entertainment
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39. Social Security Measures for
Workers
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40. Definition
According to I.L.O, “Social security is the protection which
society provides for its members trough a series of public
measure, against the economic and social distress that
otherwise would be caused by the stoppage or substantial
prediction of earning resulting from sickness, maternity,
employment, injury, unemployment, invalidity, old age and
death”
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41. Feature
Mechanism to solve the problem of insecurity.
It is a group effort in place of individual effort.
Protect the workers from various
contingencies of life.
It collective effort of employee, employer, and
govt.
Idea to provide social justice.
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42. Objective
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43. Methods
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44. Social Security in India
According to article 41 of the India constitution lays down,
“the state shall with in the limits of its economic capacity
and development make effective provision securing the
right to work, to education and to public assistance in
case of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement,
And other cases of unserved wants”
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45. The workmen's compensation Act,
1923
Compensation to employee in case of:
 Industrial accident- disability, death.
 Occupational diseases causing death.
(Compensation subject to state insurance Act
1948)
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46. Employee's state insurance Act,
1948
Provide Medical facility
and unemployment
Insurance to industrial
worker during their
sickness.
It is compulsory and
contributory in nature.
It is applicable to all
factories who employ
more then 20 workers.07/30/17 46
Benefits of this Act
Medical benefit.
Sickness benefit.
Maternity benefit.
Disabled benefit.
Dependent benefit

47. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 regulates
employment of women in certain
establishments for a certain period before and
after childbirth and provides for maternity and
other benefits.
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48. PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT, 1972
The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 applies to
factories and other establishments employing
ten or more persons.
 On completion of five years service, the
employees are entitled to payment of gratuity
@15 days wages for every completed year of
service or part thereof in excess of six months
subject to a maximum of Rs.3.50 lakh
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49. The Employees’ Provident Funds & Miscellaneous
Provisions Act, 1952
• The object of the Act is the institution of compulsory
contributory Provident Funds, Pension and Insurance
for employees. Presently the following three
Schemes are in operation under the Act through the
Employees' Provident Fund Organisation:
Employees’ Provident Funds Scheme, 1952
Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976
Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995
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50. Criticism
Repetition of benefits in different schemes
No effective implementation of social
securities act
It covers organized sector
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51. THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR WORKERS’ SOCIAL
SECURITY ACT, 2005
Social Security benefits and welfare measures
 Medical Care or sickness benefit scheme
 Employment injury benefit scheme
Maternity benefit scheme
 Old age benefit including pension
 Survivor’s benefit scheme
 Integrated Insurance Scheme,
Housing schemes
 Educational schemes
 Any other schemes to enhance the quality of life
of the unorganized worker or her family
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52. Thank You
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