PATHOPHYSIOLOGY B. PHARM.

2.  The cardiovascular system consists of the
heart, blood vessels, and the approximately 5
liters of blood that the blood vessels
transport.
 Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and cellular waste products
throughout the body, the cardiovascular
system is powered by the body’s hardest-
working organ — the heart.
 Arteries- responsible for carrying oxygen-rich
blood away from the heart to the body.
 Veins- that carry blood low in oxygen from
the body back to the heart for re-oxygenation.

4. “Hypertension is defined as persistent
increase in systolic blood pressure with a
consequent increase in diastolic blood
pressure”
Normal Range of Blood Pressure = 120/80 mmHg
 A person is said to be suffering from hypertension if his
arterial blood pressure is measured at more than 140/90
mmHg.
 Systolic BP is the BP when heart beats.
 Diastolic BP is when heart is at rest.

5. Blood pressure is the
pressure exerted by
the blood on the
arteries or blood
vessels.

6. TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
PRIMARY
HYPERTENSION
SECONDARY
HYPERTENSION
1. Primary Hypertension-
Primary hypertension indicates that no specific medical cause
can be found to explain a patient’s condition. 95% of the
population are suffered from primary hypertension.
 It has no cure only controlled.
 This is also called essential hypertension.

7. PRIMARY
HYPERTENSION
Excess alcohol
intake
Stress
Increase salt
intake
Variation in
Renin-angiotensin
system

8.  2. Secondary Hypertension-
Secondary hypertension is due to the complications of other
diseases-
 Cushing’s syndrome- increase in the level of hormones
like cortisol, adrenalin and aldosterone from adrenal gland.
 Hyperthyroidism
 Kidney Impairment
 Pregnancy
 Pheochromocytoma- (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of
the medulla of the adrenal glands that secretes high
amounts of catecholamines.

9. There are some important pathophysiological mechanism
in hypertension-
1. Over activation of Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
(RAAS).
2. Salt sensitivity
Over Activation of RAAS
Over activation of RAAS leads to vasoconstriction and
retention of Na+/H2O which increase blood pressure and
leads to hypertension.

11. Salt Sensitivity
This is due to the fact that increase amount of
salt in a person’s blood stream cause the body
to draw more water which increase the
pressure on the walls of blood vessels.

12. Severe headache
Severe anxiety
Shortness of breath
Nosebleed
Confusion
Vision changes
Dizziness
Tiredness
Chest pain
Nausea & vomiting

13.  B.P. Measurement through Sphygmomanometer or
through BP monitor.
 ECG