title: up and down regulation of Cholecystokinin , decription: these slides explain role of CCK in mammals and the disorders caused by up and down regulation of cck level.
3. Cholecystokinin
Hormone
• Introduction
• Function
• Upregulation of CCK
• Downregulation of CCK
• Treatment
• New research related to CCK
• How the hypothalamus link
with CCK
• Ratio of CCK in Pakistan &
WHO Organization
• Conclusion
4. Introduction:
• Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone that plays a role in
digestion, appetite, and pain perception.
• It is produced in the small intestine and released into the bloodstream
when food is eaten.
• CCK stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the
gallbladder, which help to break down food.
• It also signals the brain that the stomach is full, which helps to reduce
appetite. (American Psychological Association., 2020)
5. • Function:
• CCK hormones have a number
of important functions in the
body, including:
1. Stimulation of digestion.
2. Stimulates pancreatic enzyme
secretion.
3. Suppresses gastric emptying.
4. Regulation of appetite.
5. Pain perception.
(American Psychological Association., 2020)
Fig 1.1: Function of CCK in Different Organ
https;//images.app.goo.gl/nPM311KjeFmZKiM9A
9. Fig 1.2: Effect of CCK in Other Organs
https://image.app.goo.gl/wQQRQfs3cLpJY6Cf8
10. Treatment of CCK:
• Antidiarrheal and Antiemetic’s
• Replacement therapy.
• Lifestyle changes:
a. Eating a balanced diet
b. Maintaining a healthy weight
c. Avoiding fatty and processed
foods
d. Eating small, frequent meals
e. Avoiding caffeine and alcohol
f. Managing stress
(American Psychological Association., 2020)
11. New Research for the Treatment of CCK:
Here are some additional things that researchers are doing to develop treatments
that target cholecystokinin:
• Developing drugs that mimic the effects of CCK to suppress hunger and
promote weight loss.
• Developing drugs that block the effects of CCK to treat conditions such as
diarrhea and nausea.
• Developing drugs that target specific receptors for CCK in the brain to treat
anxiety and other mental health disorders.
. A study published in the journal Cancer Research found that CCK has anti-
cancer effects in a number of laboratory studies. The researchers found that CCK
inhibits the growth of cancer cells and promotes the death of cancer cells.
(Magliano et al., 2022)
12. How the Hypothalamus Linked with CCK?
• The two main nuclei in the hypothalamus that are involved in appetite
regulation are the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the arcuate nucleus
(ARC).
• The PVN contains neurons that release hormones that suppress appetite,
while the ARC contains neurons that release hormones that stimulate
appetite.
• CCK binds to receptors on both the PVN and the ARC. In the PVN, CCK
activates neurons that release alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-
MSH) and oxytocin.
• CCK plays an important role in the regulation of appetite and satiety by
binding to receptors in the hypothalamus and interacting with other
hormones that regulate appetite. (Chey, W. D., & Liddle, R. A., 2019)
13. Ratio of CCK in Pakistan and WHO Organization:
1. There is no specific data available on the ratio of cholecystokinin
(CCK) abnormalities in Pakistan in 2022.
2. However, it is estimated that up to 25% of the Pakistani
population may suffer from some form of gastrointestinal disorder,
many of which are associated with CCK abnormalities.
3. The World Health Organization (WHO) does not track the ratio of
CCK abnormalities in its Global Health Observatory (GHO) data
repository.
4. This is because CCK abnormalities are not a specific disease
entity, but rather a symptom of variety of underlying medical
conditions. (https://www.who.int website)
14. Conclusion:
1. Abnormalities of CCK hormones can lead to a number of health
problems.
2.New research is emerging all the time on the role of CCK hormones in
health and disease.
3.Scientists are working to develop new treatments for diseases and
conditions that are linked to CCK dysregulation.
4.These studies suggest that abnormalities of CCK hormones may play a
role in the development and progression of a variety of diseases and
conditions.
5.Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to develop
new treatments that target abnormalities of CCK hormones.
(Chey, W. D., & Liddle, R. A., 2019)
15. References:
1. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC.
2. Camilleri, M., & Mayer, E. A. (2023). Cholecystokinin in irritable bowel syndrome.
Gastroenterology, 166(2), 471-479.
3. Chey, W. D., & Liddle, R. A. (2019). Cholecystokinin. In L. R. Johnson (Ed.), Gastrointestinal
physiology (pp. 2047-2060). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier.
4. Di Magliano, M. P., & Logsdon, C. D. (2022). Cholecystokinin and pancreatic cancer: A
biomarker and a risk factor? Cancer Research, 83(3), 654-661.
5. https://www.who.int website.
