It is a chemistry related ppt.

2. Over the last century
• Human population has
increased 3x
• Global water withdrawal has
increased 7x
• Per capita water withdrawal has
increased 4x

3. Balochistan Has Saline Groundwater
In Islamabad, the drop has been50 feet between 1986 and
2001
Sindh Is Considerably Worse: Some 24% Of The
Rural Population Depend On These Sources
Only 7 % Of The Rural Population Depends On A Dug Well
Or A River, Canal Or Stream.
Punjab has the best rural water supply
The vast majority of the rural population has either piped
water or water from a hand pump or motor
pump.
About one-sixth of the world’s people don't
have easy access to safe water
Most water resources are owned by Government and are
managed as publicly owned resources
In Lahore, The Drop Has Been About 20
Feet Between 1993 And 2001

4. 97% water is present in seas and oceans
(SALINE IN NATURE)
3 % Fresh Water
75% of which is locked in the polar
ice caps and in glaciers
TWO FORMS
Surface Water
Surface water is any water that collects on
the surface of the earth. This includes
oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, or wetlands
Ground Water
Groundwater is water that is located
below the earth's surface. Over time,
water from rain and rivers migrates
through the ground and is stored in
porous soils and rocks.

5. About 80% Of Punjab Has Fresh Groundwater
In Sindh, Less Than 30% Of Groundwater Is
Fresh
In KPK, Increasing Generalization Has Resulted In Wells
Reaching Into Saline Layers
Situation In KPK Is Worse Still 46%
In Balochistan, 72% Of The Rural Population Depend On Dug
Well Or From A River/Canal/Stream.

6. IN THE PAKISTAN EACH PERSON USES ABOUT 188
GALLONS/DAY
An additional 657 gallons/person/day are used for irrigation,
industrial use
•A person
• needs about
•1 gallon
•water/day
•for hydration
Pakistan has decreased from 5,000 in 1951 to
1000 cubic meter per Annum in 2010
2010 and 2025 have reached
173 million and 267
million respectively
The situation could get
worse in areas where it
is already below 1000m3
per head

7. Years Population
(million)
Per Capita
Availability (m3)
1951 34 5000
1961 46 3950
1971 65 2700
1981 84 2100
1991 115 1600
2000 148 1200
2013 207 850
2025 267 659

8. WATER AVAILABILITY IN PAKISTAN

10. THE WATER SHORTAGE
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances are
released into the water in large quantities which cause
damage to people, wildlife, or habitat or indirectly into
water bodies without proper treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
Pakistan
Rapid Increase in population
Urbanization
Industrial Development
The water shortage in the agriculture sector is another
serious issue. 29% for the year 2010 and 33%
for 2025.

12. SEWAGE
 The release of wastewater from drains or sewers
Includes Human Wastes, Soaps, And Detergents
Causes 2 serious environmental problems
 Enrichment
 Fertilization Of A Body Of Water By High Levels Of
Plant And Algal Nutrients (Nitrogen And Phosphorus)
 Increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Amount Of Oxygen Needed By Microorganisms To
Decompose Biological Wastes
 As BOD Increases Dissolve Oxygen (DO) Decreases

13. SEDIMENT POLLUTION
 Excessive amounts of suspended soil particles
 Originates From Erosion Of Agricultural Lands,
Forest Soils Exposed By Logging, Degraded Stream
Banks, Overgrazed Rangelands, Strip Mines, And
Construction
 Problems
 Limits Light Penetration
 Covers Aquatic Animals And Plants
 Brings Insoluble Toxins Into Waterways
Sediment Pollution Cause approximately $16 billion in
environmental damage every year.

14. Chemicals Such As Nitrogen And Phosphorus
That Stimulate The Growth The Plant And
Algae
Harmful In Large Concentration
Sources
 Human And Animal Wastes,
 Plant Residues
 Atmospheric Decomposition
 Fertilizer Runoff
Causes
 Enrichment
 Bad Order
 High BOD

15.  Chemicals that contain carbon atoms
 Natural Examples: Sugars, Amino Acids, And Oils
 Human-made Examples: Pesticides, Solvents, Industrial Chemicals, And Plastics

16.  Contaminants that contain elements other than carbon
 Examples: Acids, Salts, And Heavy Metals
 Do not degrade easily
 Lead
 Found In Old Paint, Industrial Pollutants, Leaded Gasoline
 Mercury
 Mercury Bioaccumulates In The Muscles Of Top Predators Of The Open Ocean

17.  Contain atoms of unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation
 Sources
 Mining
 Processing Radioactive Materials
 Nuclear Power Plants
 Natural Sources

18.  Occurs when heated water produced
during industrial processes is released into
waterways
 Organisms affected
 Temperature Affects Reproductive Cycles,
Digestion Rates, And Respiration Rates
 Warm Water Holds Less DO Than Cold Water

35. • References
• Schwarzenbach, R. P., Egli, T., Hofstetter, T. B., Von Gunten, U., & Wehrli, B. (2010).
Global water pollution and human health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35, 109-
136.
• Sartor, J. D., & Boyd, G. B. (1972). Water pollution aspects of street surface contaminants (Vol.
81). US Government Printing Office.
• Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2013). Fundamentals of analytical
chemistry. Nelson Education.
• Christian, G. D., & O'Reilly, J. E. (1988). Instrumental analysis.